SB 436 
.F79 
Copy 1 






Class S B A ?. !^-. 



TREE PLANTING 



ON 



STREETS AND HIGHWAYS 



BY 



WILLIAM F. rOX 




ALBANY 
J. B. LYON COMPANY. PRINTERS 



Toivsl, fi.sh and CTamc Commission 



Tree PUmtincj 
Oil streets and HigbvciYS 



William F. Fox 



.'^<i|iiTintcniknt ^^tatc P'oiwsf.s 




ALBANY 

J. B. LYON COMPANY. PRINTERS 

lyoj 



DEC 23 1903 
D.ofO, 



Tree PUuitiiig on CStreete and Iligl)wa^3. 



]\\ Wll.l.lAM !•■. I'OX. 



TKV.V. l'L.\\n"[\(i is one- cif the best expressions of alliuisni. The man whn 
plants I'ees is ihinkini;' <il others rather th.in liiniself. I 1 1 ■ enaljjes people to 
L,n'atify tiieir hneof the Ijeautiful, to en joy better health, to become more 
prosperous; iu- makes the world better .inA liappier. 

Trees [jurify .ind cool the air, increase tile value of surrouudiuL; property, and are 
pleasing;' to the e\'e. TIun' should be placed aloni; the hii^iiways, on (jur vill.iLje >ind 
cit\' streets, on lawns and in parks, on schoolhousc _L;rounds, un the larm, in the 
doorwuil, anil where\'er shaile nv shelter ma\' be needed. I'lanted in commemora- 
tion of persons or events, they become liviiiL; miuuiments that endure- when the 
inscriptions on the yellow, moss-covered marbles of the churchyard arc no longer 
legible. 

riifjl)\va\; IHanliiuj. 

Trees should be set out alont; evei'_\- road for shade. In addition, the farm lanes 
can be lined advantageously with fruit or nut-bearing ti'ees tli.it will biing mcuie\' to 
their owner and add to the attracti\e appearance of his surroundings. ( )bjections 
nia\' be made in sinne localities to pi. icing trees along ,i pul)lic lo.ul, because their 
shade would tend to make it wet and muddy. If such conditions exist, the lault is 
in the road, and not in the trees; there are simie \-er_v muddy higluwiys along 
which nothing h.is been pkuiteil. .\lthough a row of trees may retard siunewhat 
the evapor.Uion of moisture at the suif.ice of the ro.ullu'd, ,it the same time they 
drain its fouiulation bv the- r.ipiil absorptiiui of water through their luots. When a 
roadbed is pro[jerly constiiicted, draineti .mcl tlitcheij, the trees will do no harm; 
on the contrar}-, the_\- will furnish a grateful shade to the traveler, and prevent dust 
without creating mud. 

There are roaels along which no trees arc allowed, because some resident argues 
that the sun is needed to thy up the mud and sloughs which in spring make travel- 
ing slow and difTicult. But in summer the sun-baked mud is jndverizeel under the 
wagon wheels, creating clouds of dust that are worse than the mud. With a well- 
built highway, sh.ideel b\' trees, both of the'se nuis.mces would be a\dided. l-.\en ,i 



4 SEVEN I'll kEI'dKT OF THE KORKST, MSH .\M> (lAME COMMISSION. 

poor road will permit of one row of trees, which should be placed on tlie south or 
Avest side, as its tlirection nia_\' require, to temper the heat of the afternoon sun. 

(_)ne of the finest, smoothest ro.uls in tlie State may be founti in the Adirondack 
forest — from .St. Hubert's Inn to the Aus.djle Lakes — ; and yet it is well shaded by 
trees that meet o\^erhead, shultiiiL; out the sun except where the road is flecked 
with liL;ht th.it stre.ims throUL;h the small openinL;s in the leafy co\'er. But this 
road was ci:)nstructeil in pii.iper shape, .md of suitable mateiial. 

Some .St.ites — notice, d)ly New \'oik and M.issachusetts — li.u-e made Large 
ap])ropi'i.itions lecenth* for good ro.uls, .md these .innual exi)enditures will not only 
be Continued but will prob.ibl}' be increased. With the money thus ])rovided long 
lines of stone highways with perfectly dr.iined ro.ullieels h.ive been constructed, antl 
with each succeeding year m.iny more miles will Ije finished. W'e .are entering on 
.m er.i of gooi.1 roads. Bvit the good w(n"k of tlu- ro.ul-huilders will not be com- 
plete until trees are planletl at proper distances on each side of the highwa\'. In 
his Aniui.d Repent for l<)OI, lion. I-ldward .\. Mond, State I-lngineer and Surveyor 
(New \'ork I, st.ites that the actual cost of 134 miles of stone maculam roatls was 
$7-955 P*-''' mile". Now it t,d<es k/') trees to pl.uit e.ich side of ,1 highw.t)- for one 
mile; ,ind the cost of the pl.mting will be less th.ni two i)er cent of that of the n:>.ul 
Construction. H.iving expended over §7,000 on the rinulbed, there surely should be 
no objection to paving §150 more in ortler to li.ue a cool, shady drivewav. Of 
course, "dirt" ro.uls ha\'e been constructed in some localities under the Good 
Roads L.iw at ,i much less cost per mile; but the argument still hokls good, in th.it 
the work will not lie complete until the trees are [ikinted. Why not ,imend the 
law so as to include the tree planting? 

I1tfjbwa\5 Law. 

The law of 1869, which is still in force, provides that any iiih.d)it,'int liable to 
highway tax wdio sh;dl [ikint by the side of a public road " any forest shade trees or 
fruit trees" shall be .illowetl in abatement of his highw.iy tax one dollar for e\'er)' 
four trees set out. Similar laws for the reduction of road taxes, or for the payment 
of a bounty, have been enacted in other States — Massachusetts, Connecticut and 
Pennsylvania. In New York the law specifies that Elms must be planted, at least 
seventy feet apart; that Maples "or other forest trees" shall not be set nearer 
th;in fifty feet, except Locusts, which may be set at intervals of thirty feet. Fruit 
trees must be planted at least fifty feet apart. Proper penalties are prescribed for 
any (Uie who sh.dl injure a tree, or who shall hitch a horse or any animal to, or 
leave the same standing near enough to injure a tree used for shade or ornament, at 









* * >■ •'■■ >^- ■ 



I Ki I. ri wiiNc ii\ sri<i:i',rs .wn ii k.ii w an s. 



" aliv sclioiilliciiiM-, cliiircli. 1 ir piihlic IjiiiKlin!:!;', oi- alnurr ,ii,\- piihlic lii;_;li\\ ,iy." 'l"hc 
kinds I if trees iiunt i< iiu'd in t lu; law ix-tcriTil t<i .iie well adaptcil tu luLjhway plant iiii; ; 
and till- distances apart at uliicli tlu-\' must he set are based cm tlie space wliieh 
each species is kimwn tn nccnpw While the distances specihed in the Slate law arc 
ciinect as rcLjards hiL;h\\a\ planting;, shorter inteix.ils may be used in cilies. where 
trees seldmn att.iin a heiv;ht and spiead ecpi.il t<i that nl the s.inie species when 
Ljriiwn in the upen cmintrx'. 

Selection o)' TrcOvS. 

Xdthiiii; has been found that will e(|ual mir American I"dm and Hard Maple fur 
wide- ruads and dcmlile rnw s. Asoiii' i'dnis nlteii att.iin a spre.id ot one hundred 
feet it is e\ident that the se\enty feet diinanded in the law is none too wide a 
s[)ace. rile trees should be allowed to assume their full si/e .ind natui'al sli.ipe 
witlnuit crow'diuL; or interlerinu; with each other. 1 r.inspl.inted. or " secoiul 
;_;'rowth," ll.ird M.iples .iIoiil; .i ciamtry ro.id .itt.nii ,i larye size and beautiful .ippear- 
.uice, which require ,ill of .1 t'iftyd'oot sji.ice. ( )tlier species — Oaks, Rasswdod, White 
.\sli. Locust, Willow, Horse Chestnut, Hl.ick Cluiiy, iMittonb.ill, lleecli .iiid the two 
.Soft M.iples — cm In- used with LJood result s in order to obt.iin x.iriety, Wy pl.intitiL;" 
the Scarlet ( ),dv. \\i.<\ M.iple .ind I'epperidLi'i-', the brilliancy <>f the .lutumn cohnan^f 
cm be eiih.inceil l_)\- the briL^iit rc-ds ^lispkiyed by the le.ives of these species. 

In some locilities the h.lms li.i\e been killed or seriously injured by insects; ;ind 
these pests h.i\e wroUL;ht .i w idis|>re,id destruction recently .mono the m.iples in 
the AdiioiuKick .md Citskill forests, .md in \-ill.iL;e streets. The Horse Chestnuts 
,ilso liaxe been ih.-foli.ited : .mil it ni.iv be th.it other species will be injured in time. 
While it is difficult to check the r.iv,ie;es of insects when l.irL;e forest .in-. is .ire 
.itt.icked, this e\ il cm be coiitrolleil, if not pres'ented. where the trees .iloiiy our 
lii;.4liwa\'s and streets ,ire >.■ nd, in Leered, as shown liy the successful use of spraying 
.ip|i.ir,itus or other remedies. The pl.mtiuL; of .my p.irticul.ir species should not be 
discoptiiined merely Ijec.iUse the trees m.iy be .itt.icked at some futuie time by 
insects. The LJood work should l;-o cm, and if, in years to come, there- should lie a 
recurrence of this evil we cm s.ifcly trust to the remedies [irescribed by our ento- 
nioloLjists f(U' the prevention or .ib.itemeiil of the pest. 

There .ire some fiu'est trees which are not .ul.ipted to roadside pkintinrr, because 
they assume a different form when ;4rown in the open, the br, inches i^rowini; lower 
down and the trunk f.iilini; to re.icli its usii.il luMj^ht, .iltlionL;li it m.i_\' .itt.iin .1 large 
di.inieter. h'or this re.isou, the Hirches, especial!}' the \'ellow Hirch, ,ire not desir- 
able for streets or roadsitle use. 



6 SFAKNTIl RKl'dkr i)l- IHl, FOKKsr, MSH AND (lA.MK idMMI 

Nut-bc.irin;_^r ti'cc^, the Chestnut, Huttcnuit. and Hickories, are ....Lmuie fur 
iiiL;"h\\\i\' plantint;. They aie h.uulsonic, hirge trees, each species having [jeciili- 
arities <if habit th.it make it wurth the mitice of an ubser\ant tra\elei'. particuhirly 
in winter, when the pleasing arrangement of their limbs can lie better seen and 
stiRlieLl. Their l)r. inches ni.iy suffer to some extent from boys in ijuest of nuts; but 
that is li,d:)le to happen wherever these trees m.iy stand. In some European 
countries the ro.uls are lined with fruit trees. Hut there it is well uni-lei'stood that 
the fruit, though it overhangs the highways, belongs to the farmer, whose property 
is res])ectetl accordingly. In this country, where widely different ideas prevail, it 
might be necessary to concede the tra\'eler's claim in case fruit trees were planted 
along or within the " right of way." 

sStrccf Plant ino' 



Tliere are man_\- reasons why trees sh<)idd be plantetl in cities and villages. 
Duiing the hot d.iys of summer the streets which are shatled by trees are preferretl 
to those which lack this protection. The tem[ierature is much lower; and as the 
pa\-ements are not exposed to the glare of the sun, there is le^s of reflected heat. 
The streets that are lined with shade trees are more attractive to the eye; aniJ their 
superiorit\- is re.ulih' apparent when comjiaretl with those on which there .lie no 
trees. The shadetl stieets Ijeing cooler they are more desirable tor residences, and, 
(jther things being equal, propert)' is more \aluable and commands higher rents. 
The ,iir is ]Hirer b\- reason of the foliage, which inh.iles carb<Miic acid and exhales 
o.xygen. The lea\es absorb the i>oisonous gases generated in hot weather by the 
decomposition of anim.il and \-egetable matter, and thus an acti\'e source of 
disease is eliminated. During hot summer da}-s the diseases incidental to that 
season are not so president in streets and localities which are protected from the 
heat of the sun by kirge overhanging trees. ■■■' At a meeting of the New York- 
Medical Society , I resdiution was passed in which the opinic)n was expressed that 
"one of the most elfecti\e means for mitigating the intense heat of the summer 
months, ,ind diminishing the death rate among children, is the cultivation of an 
iidequate number of trees in the streets." 

'I'he cit\' of W.ishingtini is justly known as one of the most beautiful cities in 
America on account <if the sevent)' thousand trees that adoin its streets; and theie 
are many New I'",ngland towns famed for their attractive appearance, due laigel)- to 



*See " Vcgetnliun a Remedy f.}r the Summer Heat .jf Cities." By Stephen Smith, M. l>., LL. D. 
.\|)l'letun'!> i'upuiar ScicnLc Monthly. I'^cliiruary, 1899. 




"^i-rii 







l.lNKCc i>. — .\\ l-.M I. l,l,A|i|N(, 111 HI !■ \k I \1| \ I (i| Ai.UlM I T T K !■ , W \s| I 1 \( .|( i\. |i, C. 




I 111. 1- 1.\I^ (il 1 I.NDX. 



■|KKi: I'l.WIINC (IN SIKEETS A M i 1 1 |i i 1 1 W A \ S. 7 

tlic beautiful trees pl.uited hv \ill.iL;c impi'iivcilKUt societies. It is s.iiil th.it Paris 
lias Sij.eiOO shade tree-,, ,iih1 that ^S'hi.hOij are expeudeil ailiiiialU' in cai'iu;,; Im' them 
.nul planting; addit n oial nin-s. llotli W'ashint^ti >n and I'aiis ha\e nurseries in whieh 
seedlinL;s iif desii ahli.- species are pi(i|)aL;at ed with special releieiice to the reipiire- 
nients nf strei;t pi, lilting;. I'dtiiK- deeehipid jiiants nv sapliiiL^s ,ire discarded, and 
cinl\- the straiidit. thrifty ones ,ue selected fiU' use mi the city streets. 

In street pLuitini; cue shiuild Ik- e.xaacised tn select species which, when UdU' 
ijriiwil, will lie of a si/e suit.ihle to tlu' width of the street; and in ni.dsinL;' a 
choict- oilh' such should he si-kcted as ,iie best adapted to the pecnliai' conditions 
which inllnence their L;rowth in cities. .Some liees that c.in be safely used for I'oad 
pl.mtinL; in the country are toii susceptibU' to the deleteiious inlluences of the 
smoke, dust, L;as, .md pavement ol our towns. 

Aloiit; Country roai.ls(jr \-illa;_;e streets, saplinLjs transplanted from some neit^h- 
Ijorin^^ Ljroxe oy forest may be sit out: but fiu' city streets nurser\' stock alone 
shoulil be usetl. In f.ict, it wduld be Lietter to buy nurseiy trees for \ ill.ii^e |)lantiny; 
also, unless compelled to use the other foi' economical reasons. If one niust lJo to 
the forest for yount!; trees, pains should be taken to obtain as str.iiyht, thrift)' and 
perfect specimens as possible. 



Selection of C^pccics. 

In makiuL; a choice the first thiuL; to be consi(Jeied is the width of the street; 
also, the width ot the sidewalk or nearness of the' hoLises. .Stmie ti'ces, the Elm 
tor instance, will iniure the foundation walls of ,i house b\- tlu' pressure from its far- 
spreiuliny roots. Where the house st.mds near tlu- cuib, trees with a tap root are 
prefer, ible. 

The followini;" list inclndes .ill, or nearly all, the sjiecies which ai'e desirable foi' 
street plantiiiL;, most ol which are (|uite common throuL;hout New I'.iiL^laiul .\nd the 
Middle States. They are named in the mder of their <lesii-.dnlit\-, altlioULjh in some 
instar.ces their prefeiiiient is somewli.it .i ni.itter of taste, concerning; which any 
discus' ion wiiuld bi- a waste of time. 

]\ i(7i' sfrtu/s. .\'a?'r(>u' .<frii/s. 

American oi- \\ hite F.lni. \oiA\ay Maple. 

Itaiil or SuL;ar M.iple. Wdiite m- SiK'er Maple. 

Tulip TrcL-. Red M.iple. 

Hasswood (Linden). iXil.mthus. 

lliuse Chestnut. Cucumber Tree. 



s 



Si:\KNI'II KKl'oRT 111- THE lUKKSI', IISII A \ 1 1 (iAMK CUMMlSSlOX. 



Sweet Gum. 

Sycanioic ( Huttoiiball). 

White Ash. 

Scarlet Oak. 

Red ( ),ik. 

White O.ik. 

Hi>Ile\' LnCllst. 

Anieiie.i:: Chestnut. 



Ginkgo. 

Ikiy WiUow. 

Pin Oak. 

Red h'ioweriiig Horse Chestnut. 

Black or \'ellow Locust. 

I lackberry. 

Hardy Catalpa {s/'ft-ioscr). 

Lnmharth- Poplar. 

In any attempt tn secure a comjirehensive \Mriety it shinild be remembered that, 
including the cnnifers, there are (j\-er lu'e luuKlred n,iti\e species in the United 
States and C.uiada, and that there are over ninety in the Middle and New Enghmd 
.States. Alanyiif these .ire used in f(jrestr)- wnrk, Init are not adapted to streets 
and highways: ,ind many others are desirable for launs or parks but nowhere else. 

The h'Jm stands first on the list by right of its superior size. beaut\-, and ad.ipta 
bility to street phmting. It is r.ipid in growth, withstanils transplanting Aud prun- 
ing better than most other kinds, and will gr<iw on .dniost an\- soil. Its h.ibit is such 
th.it any pruning of the lower limbs i-. seldom necessary, a \',iluable feature in .i street 
tree. It thri\'es not only on countiy r(i,ids and \illage streets, but ,ilso in our l.irger 
towns. \ew H.i\en h.is ,itt, lined nation, il f.uiu- as the " I'dm Cit\"." on account of 
the m,in_\' be.uitiful trees of this kiiul which line its streets. There are v.irious 
foiins of the .Americ.m l'"Jm. I'Lmerson. in his " Trees of M.issachusetts," describes 
three distinct sh.ipes. The most tlesir.ible one for a shade tree is th, it with the 
umbrell.i-sh.iped top. ,ind slender, pi.-ndant liranches on its outer edge. In trans- 
pi. inting or in giving ortlers to a nursei)-, caie should be t.iken to secure this 
p.irticul.ir form. The English and .Scotch Minis ha\'e been pl.mted e^;tensi\■ely in 
some pi, ices ; but as these s])ecies aw inlerior in .ippe.iiMiice ,ind much more liable 
to att.ick' fr(un insects their use shoukl be discouraged. Tlu- English Elm retains its 
foli.ige longer each f.ill, but th.it is all that can be said in its f.ivor; in fact, all the 
s[)ecies introduced from Euro[)e hold their le,i\'es when most of our native trees are 
i)are. 

The ll.ird M.iple or Sugar Majile is so well .iiul f.uor.ibly known as a shade tree 
that it i> unnecessary to dwell here upon its beauty ami symmetrical proportions. 
It is seen at its best in village streets and along country roads, where the condi- 
tions , ire better suited to its liiUest de\'eloj)ment. In the crowded streets of large 
towns this species, in some pi, ices, has been un.ible to withst.iiul the effects of smoke, 
ilust .uul other unfavorable cimditions. Hut it can be jiLinted with good results on 
streets where the houses st.md on large lots, with jjleilty of ground or wide Liwns 



TKKI I'I.WIIM; on STRKKIS ami I! Ii.IIW avs. 9 

arouiul tlicm. On cit\' blocks, wlierc tlic houses are in solid rows, preference should 
be L;i\en lu tile Xiii\\a\- Maple, a nurser_\- tree wliieli leseiubles tile n.itive liaid 
Maple closel\-, .dthnu^^h not so larije. The Xoruay puts mi its leaves earlier in 
sprin;^f, and retains its \enlure later in the I'.ill. The varied and biilliant autumn. d 
cohirs displayed b)' the leaves of our native ll.ird Maple make this species tiesir.ible 
\i>v (irn.iment .is well .is sli.ide. X i > utlier tree dimbines so ni.iny sIi.kKs of cnlur in 
the f.dl sc.irlet, nr.uiije, \-ellow, .md Liret-il. Thc^e different lines m.iy be seen cm 
line tree, iifteii on oni' Ijr.nieh, .md sdUietinu-s on (Uie le.if. 

I'lie I'ulip Tree will cnnip.ue f,iV(n-.d)l_\- with the ll.ird M.iple in hei;^dit .md 
be.mty. In f.ivored situ.itinns it .itt.iins .i lu-iL;ht <<( 125 feet or iiKne, ^\ ith .1 ili.imeter 
(if ■^i\ to ei^ht feet. It be.irs t r.insi)kmt iiii; well, Ljrows r.ipiilly, i^ very h.iiily, .md is 
free from destructi\e insects. The ceiilst.mt, t iiniuli uis nuitinn ul its lircud le.ives 
leaves it .1 li\il\-, ,itt iMCtive ,ip[ie.ir.ince. I'lie limbs nf the m.iture trees ,ire more or 
less curved, priiduciuL; .1 be.iutiful effect, which is lieiLjhtened by the str.ULjht lines of 
tlu' t.ill ni.ist-like trunks. In the l.itter jLirt (if Ma_\- it decks itself with terminal 
fldwers (if ,1 (J. irk', lich selldw, stie.iked with Ljieen ,ind (ir.mL;e. The Tuli[) Tree 
c.mniit be tr.iuspl, lilted successfully except when it is of a sm.ill size. 

Ihe 11. issw (1(1(1, ill' Americ.in Linden, Cdiiimeiids itsell tn the luxer nf trees by its 
.iniple sh.ide, fras^rant llnwaus and briL;ht L;reen fdli.i^e, which in spiiii;^ Cdiil r.ists w ell 
with its d.irk Cdlmed br. inches. In the f.ill its le.uis .issunu- .1 rusty hue lh.it 
detr.icts siiinewh.it lium its .ippi-.ir.ince then, es|)eci.ill\' .is UKist (it the nther tiixs 
, ire disj)l.i\inL; their .lutumn.il ci limine; .it lh.it time. In the excuiieiit ch.ir.ictei- nf 
the trunk .ind .iir.ini;enieul nf its br. inches the Linden displ.iys a L;r.iceful ll.ibit ,ifte-r 
the le.ives h.i\ c f.illcn, ni.ikinj; it ,111 .ittr.ictive .md desir.ible tree in winter. The 
curimis, nbbiin-liki bi.ict tn which the pe.i-sh.iped seeds are .itt.uhed m.d<es it 
in e. Ills' summer .111 interestiiiL;" studv tn the ji.isserd))'. Ihe Liiuk'U is extensi\'ely 
pi. lilted .IS . I sh.ide tree in 1 1 ull.ind .md smile nther Ieiir(ip(_-.in Cduntiies. In Meiliii 
mie (if the princip.il .ivenues, Inter i\i:n Linden, t.ikes its 11. line frmn the trees tli.it 
sh.ide its w.ilks .md ilri\'e\\ .i\'s. lint. mists .ire .ipt to r(_'L;.ii'(l this tree with .1 peculi.ir 
interest, f(ir the f.ither (if Linn.eus, the Swedish n.it iii.ilist, tdok his f.imily n.ime 
Irmii .1 kir^e, be.iutiliil Linden, nr Linn, th.it stimd ne.ir his Imme."' 

I he lliiise (llestnut is the e.irliest (if mir trees. liefnre the buds li.u'e upened (in 
m.iiU' (if the (it lurs, .111 d w liile the w ilhiw s are sluiw uiil; (ini)' .1 " _L,n'een mist ' the I Im'sc 
Chestnut imfdids its ciinnini;'ly p.icked le. diets to the sun, .1 w'elcmile si;j;ht td those 
who arc W'.iitiiii; .lud w'.itchiuL^ fm' spring. Its ku'Lje le.ives affon.1 a sh.ide more 



''^ -Vt linlt tiiiic ni.iiiy <if tlit- Swi-di-s li.nl I'liristian naUK's oiilv, anil whi-ii llu-y uaiUi-'I a f.liiiily name 
it was custmiiary In ailuiit llial nl sninc natural ulijL-ct iii lliir sKiiiUy — lierg (lull). Mmmii l^tlcailll. etc. 



lO SKVKXrU RKI'OKT (JK THK FnRKST, FISH AND (lAME COM M ISSK iN. 

dense than that of an)- other tree. In parks and on lawns, where its rrrowth is not 
restricted, this tree asMinies a L^n'and, massive appearance that al\\a\-s arrests tile eye. 
In earl)' spring it is gay with large white and pink flowers whose erect panicles 
standing on the upturned tips of the branches are suggestive of a leafy candelabi'a, 
an effect that is heightened when (ine remembers the peculiar appearance in this 
respect of the tree in winter. In most families of plants, the order <if opening in 
the flowers is either Irom the bottom upwards — or from the to]) tlownwards — 
[)roceeiling to open regularl)- up or down. Mr. Joseph Meehan observes that in th 
Horse Chestnut there are open flowers simultaneouslv cm ever\- ])ortion of th 
tlu'rse or spike, so that the tree seems to be cc)vereil w ith flowers as it b)' magic in 
growth of but .1 tew da)'s."" ()bjection has been made to the Horse Chestnut because 
at times there is too nuich litter on the sidewalks under it. lUit if people sweep 
their sidewalks dail)- there need be no trouble fi'om this source; and if the)- do not 
keep their walks clean the)- w ill neglect their trees also, in which case it is imma- 
terial what s[)ecies is iil.inted. Ihe question of insi^'Cts is discussed later on. The 
Horse Chestnut, like the Ailanthus and Lombard)' I'oplar. is not indigenous to the 
United States, ha\'ing been introducetl here in 174''). In ;\|)ril i:>f that )'ear John 
Bartram, writing to Peter Collinson,'!' .icknowledges the receii)t of the seeds, of 
which he had hopes, as "some seemed to be prett)' sound." ('len. Brisbin notes 
that the first tree is said to be still standing im the estate of Mr. Lemuel Wells, 
Vonkers, N. Y .''^ [ohn L\'el)'n, in his famous Silva, written in 1(1(12. sa)s that the 
Horse Chestnut deri\'ed its name froni the fact that the fruit w.is used for "curing 
broken-winded horses, and other cattle, of coughs." Rut the peculiar shape of tile 
scar left on the twig b)' the fallen leaf, which resembles the ti.ick of a horse's hoof 
,ind imprint of the nails, is very suggestive when taken in connection with the trans- 
l.ition '.A liippocastanuiu, its Greek or botanical name. 

The .Sweet (juni, or Liquidambar, so named from the fragrant balsam which exudes 
when the trunk is wounded, is an f^rnamental tree of about eight)- feet in height and 
two feet in iliameler, attaining in some localities a much greater size. It is a rapid 
grower and tliri\'es on almost any soil. Its glossy, star-shaped leaf makes it a 
favorite with all students of leaf forms. The tree is interesting in winter also on 
account of the corky ridges or wings attached to the twigs and smaller branches 
which give it a peculiar appearance. In autumn its foliage changes to a deep 

*Mefliairv MoiUlily. l'liila<lt.-l|i]iia, I'.a,, May, Igo2. 

I Memorials .if |..lin liartram ami H umpliiL y Marsliall. William Darlington, M. P., LL. D. 
I'hilaik-liiliia: l.imlsay lV lilakiiton. 1849. 

{(leii. Jamc S. lirisbin, U. S. .\. Trees and Tree I'lanting. New York: llarjier & Brother!,. 18SS. 




J. V. MC CLINTUCK, |-HOTl... 



Tin; I lAKs (.)!•■ M.rsiiixc; 



TKi;i', I'l.WI I M; ()\ STRKKIS AMI 1 1 H ; I I w \ \ s. 



1 1 



crimsnti iiitcrspersL-d witli yellow. Where a variety of species may be dcenieil 
ilesiiahle. this tree shnuld lint he niilitteil. as it can he used in street plantin<^ fur 
se\ fral hlncks with ;_;iHid eflect. 

( )f the \ariiius species nf A-^li, the White Ash is the (ine hest adapted fur nma- 
ineiil ,ii;d shade. It may he classed fairly am(Mi;.j; the larL^^e trees, the trunk attainiiiL;' 
considi-i .ihle heiL;ht hefiire it sul.idi\iiles, which, like the I'dni, makes it desirai)le fur 
street purposes. Its f(iliaL;e is pleasiuL; in .qjpearance, L;rowinL; in irre^^ular, waciiiL^ 
masses, hut without an\' ahrupt or broken outlines. The .\sh, liowe\er, is amoiiL,^ 
the last to put lUit its leaves in spiini;, and anioUL; the first to lose them in the fall. 
In the latter season its foliaye assumes a \'.iriet\' i>f colors, \iolet, brown, ami daric 
chocolate. Wilsnii I'laL;!;" notes that the .\sh is the only tree that shows a clear 
brown as (Uie of its icL^ular seiies of tints in the lixiuL^f le,d". Like most trees with 
compound lea\-es it sheds its spray with the le.ues in fall, leaxiut; naked aiiLjular 
hianchc-s that detract fi'om the beauty of its habit in wintL-r. Its fri-edoni from 
dise.ise and insects commends it to ,dl tiee planters. 

In street pl.mtini.; the ( )aks ha\e hitherto been used Init sparin;4l\-. The few that 
appeal' here and there alon;_; countiA' rotuls seem to owe their existence to accident 
rather than desi^ni. This is pidl)ahly due to tlu-ir slower L^rowth, a disad\-.intaL;e 
which is fully offset h\- their hardiness and longer life. The ( )ak is a noble tree, its 
si/.e .111(1 sturdy ch.iiacter eiititliil;^ it to a prominent place in our streets .ind parks. 
In growth it is no shiwer than some other species which ha\e been freel\- planted. 
The vilkiLje of I'dushiiiL;', L. I., is noted for the beautiful < )aks that shaiJe some of its 
streets. 

I'he .Scarlet ( )ak' is ,i desirable tree tor main' reasons, one of tluni beiiiL;' the crim- 
son lea\'es which charm the e\'e lon^;' alter the other trees are bare. Its |oliai;e is 
uiuisu.ill\- persistent, <iiu! in some seasons the rudd\' i^low iif its leaves ma\' he seen 
in brilliant contrast with the first snow. 

The Ked ( ).ik is the most rapid in Ljrowth of all the v~)aks. attains a L^n'cat size, 
and exhibits the best proportions of .my of the .icorndie.uiiiL;" species. It has less of 
the L^n.irled .md Contorted h.ibit so ch.ir.icteristic of the ( ).iks in L;e-ner,d. 

The Tin ( ).ik m.iy l)e described .is .i middle-si/ed tree, .iwiikible fi u' ro.uls .md 
streets of nu'dium width. In thri\es I.)est on moist L;round. In sh.ipely li.diit and 
gener.il m.issiiiL; of f(]|i.iL;e it will comiKire f.ivor.ibly with .my ol its ^eiius, while 
the smooth, deeply piun.it iful le.u'es, bright L;reen on both siiles, .idd L;re.itly to its 
be.iiit\'. rile lip\M-st br. inches of the I'in ( ).ik ,ire Ljener.illy the hnif^u'st, .i peculi.irity 
th.it distiiiL^iiishes it from most of the deciduous trees, .md which em|)h.isi/es its 
beautiful prop(utions, giviiiL; it a conical outline. Like .ill the Oaks its lea\'cs are 



SF.\KXI11 Kll'iikr OF rilE FoKF.ST, FISli AXIi CAMK c MM M ISSIl IX. 



amtJiiL,^ the last to fall, aiul, without clisplayinc; brilliant colrirs, the\' conti'ibute mate- 
ri.illy to the \aricty nf autumnal tints. Its imuiunitx' tidni insects, fairly rapid 
_L;ro\\th, and the s.itisfactor_\- results that ha\'e hitherto attended its use, make it a 
desirable tree. The f.imruis ( )aks that beautif)' the streets uf I'dushinL; include a 
lar^e nundjer of this species. 

The W'hiti- ( )ak is siqierior in vii;'or and hulLjevity. It does not t:(ri>\\' as tall as 
the Red ( )ak, but attains a i^reater spread. Its red and russet-ci >!. net! lea\es are 
\'ery persistent, often clinL;ini,r to the tree durinij; the entire w iutcu', .i feature 
re;_;.ir<led by many with unf.iiliiiL; interest. It is to be Imped th.it. with the re\i\al 
ol tri_e planting;" in our towns ,ind villaLjes, the (J.iks will receive the consideration 
which their m.Ln\- Ljood qualities deser\'e. 

I'lie lloni_\- I.cicust is the latest nf mir trees to put foith its fuliagc. This is the 
oidy thiuL; th.it can be s.iii_l .it;, dust it, and that is not alw.i\s .i dis.i<l\antaL;e. When 
its pinn.ite lea\'es do .ippear the be.iutx' of theii' w,i\ in;.;, te.ither\' spr.u' fulU' excuses 
ane conijdaint of taidiness. It is ,i t.ill, L;racelul tree, tree tiom injects thus {.iv, 
unalft.cted b\' smoke oi' dust, and well entitled to ,i jilace alons; our streets ,ind in our 
Jjarks. \\ hell- .i densi', cool sh.ide is w.mted the Hone\' Locust would imt answei' 
the |uii[)osi-, ow Iul; to its open foli,ii_;L' thr(mL;h which the sunliL;ht stre.ims fixel)' : 
but this peculi,irit\' m.d^es it tlesirable for kiwiis or jil.ices where [ikints or L;'rass 
nni^ht suffer fimil too much shade. .\ tlistinct i\'e fe.iture nia\' l)e (jbser\'ed in the 
sliarp, stout thorns, three to five inches lon;.^', often threed'orketl or i^n-owiuL; in 
clusters on the truid<. I'he tiee takes its common n.ime from the sweet contents 
of the loULj, purple bean potls that hany conspicuousl}' on the branches after the 
leaves have fallen. 

Idle ConiuKMi I u' Wllow- Locust is one of our most be.iutiful trees on account of 
its ])rofusion of pinnate le.ives, anil the pend.int racemes of white flowei's which in 
Juiu- till the ,iir with an ai^reeable perfume, d'he Locust is reputed to be a faN'iu'ite 
nestiiiL;' pi, ice for biids. its spinv stipules furnishiuL; juotectiou from m.in\' of their 
enendes. I'rof. .S,irL;ent, in his SiK'a of North Americ.i, notes that the \'ellow- Locust 
continues to .L;row until the bcL^inning of autumn, and th.it the ends of the bi'anches in 
summer ai'e covered with yiiuiii;- liL,dit yellow-screen lea\-es which stand out conspicu- 
ously against the d.iik backgrouml of the older fr)liaL;e. This tree grows rapidly, 
and its size m.ikes it available for streets of medium, r.ither th.m n.irrow width; Imt 
owing to the brittle char.icter of its biMUchcs it should not be placed where it will 
bv ex[)osetl to stiong winds. This species has one peculiar ad\'antagc as a l.iwn or 
roadside tree in that the grass beneath its shade is alw.i)-s green owing to the fertil- 
izing projierty of its leaves, which like all legumin(;ius plants enriches the s(.iil. Hut 




IiiMniK Ki >\\ 111' sM WIc )U1 N. — I\ |i|A\ A \\1\||. W A^l I I N( , K i\ , li. r 



^ 




LINUKN^. — .\IAS.SA( HlM-rr r.s A\ l-.M 1-,. \\ AM 1 IM . 1 i iN . H, i. 



TKK1-. I'lANlIM, (IN SIKKETS A.M> II l(,ll W A\ S. 



tlie l,ocusts have Mitfcriil almost everywhere so much fiom the ittaeks of iiiseit 
borers that this HabiHty should he well uiuleistooil before plantiii;^ theui to auy 
i;reat extent. 

Where rapiil L;ro\\th an<l Ljre.it si/.e is desiretl, the S\-camore. oi- IVittonwood. 
may elaim a |)laee. Its lowei' l)rauches ai'c hiL;h .djove the ;^round, alToidmL;" an open 
spaee bene.ith the tree- -which is olleii desiiable when planted near a house — and 
furuishiuL; ample sh.ule without ob^t ructiuL;- the \'iew- of the street oi- ro.id : but 
owiuL,' to its iiiei;ular. infeiior habit .ind liabilit\' to fun^.d tliseases, it sh(udd be 
used sparinL;l>' in streets oi" parks, and mdy w heie varietx' istlesired. The h'.uropeau 
Sycamine, or (liiental I'lani.. which resembles the American sptcies closely, is 
])relerable in every respect, and ca]) be obtained finm anv nuiser\-. The S_\-camore 
is easily recoL;ni/ed Ijy its peculi.ir b.irk, which f.dU off in ll,d<es from the li>wer p.irt 
of the trnid<, .L;i\inL; that portion ot the tiee a scabliy, spotted appe. trance, while the 
ujjper ]),nt of the trunk auA the branches are smooth and of a creaiiu' white. It is 
known also by the " but toub.dls " ]i.inL,M'nL; from its bianclus, ,i di\-. i^lnbuLii fruit 
tilletl with seeds, and couspicuoirs in winter. Tree students, in tluir outi.loor 
stuiiies, .ire .dw'.iys |)le.ised to note the conical bud hidden under the b.ise of e.ich 
leaf stalk .ind t'lttinu; s(] nicely into the cone-sh,iped recess in the petiole. It is ,ni 
iiiterestin.L; tree, and. as found in the lowkinds of the Mississippi t)asin, is the larLjest 
of .dl our tleciduons species. The Th.imes ICmb.mkment I!oule\ard, a fanums 
avenue in L(Uidon, is lined with .S\-c,imores. 

1 1 ithei'to the Americ.iu ( 'hesluut has not been planted on ourstrec'ts eii' ro.uls ; 
but there is no i^ood reason why it should not lie Ljiven .i place occasi(ui,dl\-. It 
grows \'ery fast, attains a large si/.e. is handsome in form anil proportion. ,ind fulfills 
■dl the reipiiremeiits of a llist-class shade tree. The boys might pro\ e troidilesome 
when the fruit is ripening; but th.it is ,ill th.it can be said in oljjection, ,i dil'ticult\' 
easily obviatid by ,i little police woik during the shcu't time in which the burs .i\'c 
Oldening. The Chestnut, too. is not withcuit its claim to be.iiitv. In |ulv its 
br.mches are co\-ered with .1 profusion of en-. im colored c.itkiiis that attract the e\-e 
anil enaljle one to ideiuif)- it then, even .it ,i .great distance. 

The White or Siher Alajjle is a fa\-oritc shade tree in both town and cumtry, 
surpassing all other species, except the Carolina Poplar, in rapidity of growth. It 
bears ti'anspkinting as well as an}- other, withstands pruning, and is exceedingly 
graceful. Its slender, pend.int 1)1, inches arc easily swayed by the iireeze, gi\'ing it 
a wa\-ing, flowing ,ipi)earance. that is made still more attr.ictive by its sil\-er_\- hue 
when .igitateil l.iy the wind, the undei' side of the leaves ii,iving a whitish color 
which is then exposed to view. The ileeply cleft shape of the leaves adils also to 



14 



SEVENTH REl'dKT ()]• ITIE FOREST, FISH AXU CAME COMMISSU )X. 



its beauty. Where it is desirable to obtain sliade as soon as possible, and at the 
same time have a beautiful tree, this species shuukl be selected. ( )f the two soft 
maples the White is readily distini^uished from the Red ,it first siL,dit b\- the upward 
curve of the tips on the lower branches, a distinct peculiarity which adds to the 
[ileasing iiutlines of this tree. 

The Red Majile is a rapidly cjrowinr; tree of attractive appearance, the liL^ht gray 
bark on the limbs affording; a [jleasing ci-Uitrast to its bright green foliage. In aeldi- 
tion ti) m.iny >>{ the good qualities belonging to the m.iple it ilispl.ix's a scarlet leaf 
in autumn, which changes later to a dark crimson. Its fdjiage is the first ti) change 
color, some trees showing their red leaves early in ^August, and the conspicuous red 
flowers make it noticeable also in early spring. As it seldom attains its full size 
when planted in cities it is well adapted to narrow streets. 

There seems to be a general prejudice against the Ailantlui--. nr AiLmtus ,is sc^me- 
times s[5elled ; and yet it withstands the injurious effects of city life Ijetter than 
any iitl:;.'r species. It has a peculiar beauty also in the graceful sweep (if its large 
pinnate le.ives. suggestix'e of the .Stag Horn Sumach, which remain green until they 
fall. ()bjecti(ni has been m.ide to the tlis.igreeable ndnr nf its fidwers, but this lasts 
fur (inl_\- a few days, and can be eiitireh' obviated by planting pistillate trees. The 
peculi<ir bark, in which there is traced an arabescpie-like p.ittern, is an interesting 
stud)-, while the large clusters of reddish bronze samaras on a pistillate tree in 
autumn make it a thing of beauty and object of enjoyment wcirth a long walk to see. 
lirisbin states that it w.is first introduced in the Uniteil .States by Mi'. William Ham- 
ilton, in 17S4, and that a sucker, ])lanted from the origiuid tree in 1800, is at present 
standing in the Hartram H<itanic darden. In 1820 Mr. William I'rince, a nursery- 
man at Flushing, Long Isl.nul, imported the .Ml.mthus fmm lCurii|:)e, and frcim this 
stock mostdl thetiees in New \'ork and its vicinity were supplied. .Mthough an 
exotic it repmduces itself readily, its winged seeds often lodging in the cracks of 
paved areas, where the young trees ma}- be seen growing in nooks and corners along 
the house line. The Ailanthus is not only immune from insect blight, but there is 
no species that can approach it in the abilit)' to thrive in the poor soil and amid the 
unfavorable conditions of cit}- streets. 

The Cucumber Tree is a magnolia of stately growth, with a trunk from sixty to 
eighty feet in height. It grows rapidly, develops a pyramidal form, and fulfills all 
the requirements of a desirable shade tree. It is advisable to use a small tree in 
transplanting. Its commcjn name is due to the fruit, which, when green, resem- 
bles somewhat a small cucumber. 

l"or narrow streets, or where there is little sisace between the house line and the 



TKKK ri.AN'riNi; ON STKEKTS ANMi 1 1 K ,H W A ^ S. 



15 



curbstiinc, the J,i|).ur>c (iiiiki^o is well ad.iptcd, as it does not attain a wide sprcid. 
When fnll\- L;ri)\\n it is over sixty feet high, hnt in New Ynrk. with its ei>ld winters, 
this speeies does not ljiiiw to its fnll si/.t', altlionLjli hardy dm} thrifty in other 
respeets. 1 his tree is not slow in Ljr'iwth, l)ut still it Inrnishes little shadt' until it 
approaches ni.iturily, when it assumes a t.iperiiiL; form with ample foliai;i'. Thus 
lar the ("linkLjo has been free troni destrueti\'e insects. Its peculiar, fan-shaped 
leaves, in foini like thi>se of the maiden hair fern, retain their olive i^i'een cohu- until 
early antunin, when they chanL;e to ,i rich yellow or oranije. ThouL;h not an ever- 
L,'i-een it is ,1 conilei', of the yew tamily, a tlistinction seldom noticed by many who 
are familiar with the .ippearance of the ti'ee. 

riu: Willows lurnish some species that are .ivailable for sli.ule .iiul ornament. 
The one best adapted for street plantini;' is the liay <ir I .,uirel-lea\"etl Willow. As it 
is not a kuLje tree it should be reserved for narrow streets. The slender, taperint,' 
lea\'es, which ,ue biij^dit, l;1oss\', .md of ,1 dee[) yieiii (in both sides, form a conspicu- 
<uis feature of this species. 

The H.ickberry is ,1 medium sized tree, which, in its L;eneral .ippearance, 
resembles the I"Jm. Its straii;ht truid< does not di\ide until it h.is att,uned cmisitl- 
erable heis^dlt, a peculi.irity which is ,in ,ul\'.iut.i!_je in ,1 street tree ; but, .is its roots 
Ljener.ill)' rise .ibo\e the Ljrouiid fm' some dist.mce from the truid-: it is better 
achqited to \'illaL;e streets or wide avenues, where the tkigstoiies of the sidew.ilk do 
not extend to the curb. Wdiile it is not a tree of the first m.iL;nitiule, it is L^eiieralK- 
too l.ir!_;e foi' n.irrow streets. IhoiiL;]! .1 n.itive it is r.irely b)und in our woods; l:)ut 
youiiL; trees cm .ilw.ij-s be obtained trom nuiseries. It is so uncomnnui th.it, .iside 
from botanists, buesters, or lovers of trees, it is seldmii recotjni/.ed L)_\' its ris^ht 
n.ime. There .ire places in New \'ork wlu-re senile huie specimen is described fj\- 
the people in its vicinit_\- .is " the lost tree " or " the unknown tree," ,ind is the sub- 
ject of marvelous stories as to its oriLjiii ny char.icteristics. The ll.ickberr)- is e.isily 
identified, liowe\er, by its elm-like le.if .uul ll.tbit, by its peculiar b.irk, covered with 
h.ird, w.irty, excreseiices. aiul by the sm.ill, d.irk led, berry-sli.i|)ed fruit, which 
clings to the stems lony .liter the le.ues h.i\-e f.iUeil — often diiriiig the entire win- 
ter. Its r.iiiid growth under all ordinary conditions of soil or climate, together 
with its freedom from disease and insects, entitles it to consideration in making a 
select icm. 

Tile Hardy Catalpa is a tree 30 to 70 feet high, of erect liabit and ornamental 
character — a desirable kind in certain situations. In June it is resplendent witli 
white or violet-tinged tlowers, growing in l.irge, upright, pyr.imid-sh.iped clusters. 
Objection h.is been made to the C.it.ili>.i .is a street tree, bec.iuse it is li.ible to injury 



l6 SKVEXril KlJ'tiRr ol- IUE FoRKSI', IISII AM) CAME COMMISSION. 

from people who persist in breaking off the flowering branches. For this reason the 
lower limbs should be trimmed sufficiently to pre\XMU any injury from this source. 
The le.ives. which aie the largest seen on ,iny of our shade trees, show no pleasing 
color in the fall, but turn bl.ick ,it the first frost. When stripped of its broad leaves 
the branches have a coarse blunt appearance, relieved somewhat by the tiisjilay of 
long slender pi_)ds that h.mg in profusion from their tips. There are two American 
catalp.is, and .dso ,i Japanese species, with intergrading forms or variants which 
necessitate some cue (Ui the p.irt of ,i purchaser, for scjme tle.ders have not su]>plied 
jnire seed when the I l.irdy C'atalpa (C .</'r('/<>Sii) was calletl for. 

The si)ire-sh,ipeil, erect form of the Lombartly Poplar makes it available for n,ir- 
row streets ,uid sidewalks. .\ single tree of this species, properly placed in a p.irk 
or l.iwn, often m,d<es an effective addition to the beaut)' of the landscape. As its 
branches .ire fastigiate, ])ointing ujjwards at a sh.irp angle with the trunk, it li.is a 
peculiar fascin.iting ap])e<irance when the wind is blowing, the u])per part of the tree 
wa\'ing with a gr.iceful, feathei'y motion, unlike that of other species. It has the 
advantage of r,ipitlit\- in growth which, in turn, is offset by its short life. It cists 
but little sh.uie, .\\m\ so its use on countrv ro.ids should be eliscontinued. Hut it is 
a great f.ivorite as a ro.id tree in soiiu- p.ii'ts of I{,uro])e, especially in h'rance, where 
it may be seen in uidiroken rows stretching away (nv m,in_\- miles. 

The Eurcjpean White Birch or \Veei)ing Rirch has a pendant habit with small, 
finely shaped le.ues that render it ver\' attractive, es[)eciall_\- when standing alone on 
a lawn where there is nothing to detract from its graceful outlines or the swaying 
movement of its tlroopiiig br.mches. If used as a street tree it shoukl not be planted 
along the curb, but set .it a pro])er distance within the fence line where its white 
bark will be less li.ible to injury. Where an entire block or street is thus planted, 
a striking uniformit)' is obtained as shown in the accomp,in_\-ing illustration. 

The reasons for including certain trees in the foregoing list, and also the omis- 
sion of others, m,iy be questioned by some whose experience in .irboriculture makes 
them coni[)etent authorities in everything relating to tree |)l<inting ; but the list is 
not (jffered as furnishing an)-thing like a definite, absolute rule. As already stated, 
the proper selection of trees for streets and roads is largely a matter of opinion and 
taste, replete with pros and cons. It would be presum])tuous for any one to attempt 
to offer a list that would meet all recpiirements with absolute certainty. The names 
submitted here are offered in the way of suggestion rather than authoritative infor- 
mation, and are intended for the benefit of those who may not have the opportunity 
or inclination to stud)' the question exhaustivel)-. 

W'hile it is well to give a decided preference to our native trees, this should not 






'-~"««s.5lt*.^ 



*:^-5^%>' 




:^----i" 






f^,>)k 



'■>$ 





ISa*:^ 



J. \ . Ml <_l IN I iH. K, IMM i I 



Willi K iiiKriM.s.— kociiKsi i:k, N. V. 




A TKKKI.I-.SS S I Kl, i; I'. 



I'Ri.i, ri.wnxc (i\ sTRKF/i-s ANh 1 1 1 ( ; 1 1 \v A ^■s. 17 

be diinc in the i-xclusii m of foroiLjii ones. Sonie of the eiinniii 111 trees (ni (nir streets 
and lii_L;liw,iys, t he llnrsc t'hestiiut, Ail.inthiis, ,in<l I .oiiilianU- l'M])l,ir fm' inst.mce, 
are introilucetl species wliich at mie time were reLjarilei! as forei^iiei's. It is f.iir ti> 
assume that there .ire still otheis with l)eauty aiui iisrful (|iiah'ties whieli wniild 
render tliem welcnine and enable them in time tn t.ik'c ,i pl.iee anidiiL; uur eomnum 
well-known trees. 



CI II (I c s i i'ci I) 1 c v"^ pc c i c vS. 



Some trees are omitted, not so much on account of doubtful (|ualities but 
because the list .dieady olfers amiilc- opportunity for selection fioni the laree num- 
ber named. There are. doubtless, sever, d other species which miL;ht be pl.inted with 
s.itisfactory results, l)Ut m,ui_\- o| them have defects which should be considered 
carefully t^efore m,d<inL;' ,i selecticui. 

The Ash-leaved M.qile, a short-lived tree, puts out its lowei' blanches too ne.ir 
the Ljround to permit its use on streets. The Canoe birch d<ies the s.ime, ,iiid if 
the lower blanches were cut oil the ])\'r,imidal form ol the tic'e wmdcl be destro\'(-d 
and its beaut\' L;reatl\- imp.iiied. The iventack\' (/ofke Tree is so unsii_;htly in 
winter, resemblinij; then ,1 ilead tree, that it is better omitted in street pkintiuL;, 
especi.illy as it will thri\e only in L^ood moist Ljround. I'he i'".uropi_Mii Ash kists but 
a few years in luir clim.ite. ,ind is in lui w.iy superior to onr .\mericaii White .\sh. 
The Sour (lum or PeppeiidL;e is ,1 beautiful tree in auturun, but it is too .ipt to fail 
in trans[)lantinL;. The Mount. lin .\sh and h'low eriiiL; Do^^wood .ire be.iut iful, but the 
bright red berries of the one .md ,ittracti\e flowers of the othei' iiuite iniury ; their 
proper pi, ice, if on ,1 street or 10, ul, is inside the fence .iiid in siuue door\',iri!. Idle 
Syc.imore ALiple h,is ,1 tnie .ippe.ir.ince ,iud dense sh.ide, but with so m. my other 
Maples, it is h.irdly needed ; like the Copper Beech ,ind Schwedlei's ('rimsoii-le.ifed 
Maple, its place is in the ]i,iik or aiboietum. The \'ello\\ Woml is one of our 
neatest, ju'ettiest trees, \\ith cie.im-colored tloweis th.it attract sw.irius of bees when 
in bloom ; but it has low bi.mehes, ,ind its wood is so brittle that the trunk is very 
ajit to split tlownwards from where it first (_li\-itles. The Paulowni.i, K(.)elreuteria, 
and other exotics, be.iutihil ,ind ,ittr,icti\'e .is they .are, shouhl be resei'N'ecl for priv.itc 
grouiuls or secluded p.iikinL;s where they cm I'eceive the c.ire ,md .itteuticui which 
they alw;i_\-s require. I'he Carolin.i Popl.ir, or Cottmiwood, is often I'eciimmendeil 
because of its \-ery i.ipid growth: but this tree sheds .1 dowiu'. cottony tuft which 
clings to the clothing o| p,issers-bv, c.iiising so much .innowmce th.it, in m.iiu' towns, 



iS 



Sl-,\i:.\ 111 RKl'DKl' (IF IHE IdRESr, FISH ANH CAMI:, i i i \l M I SSIOX. 



(irilcrs wcic issued for its remoxMl.'- All c.f tiiesc species are plcasiiii,; in appearance, 
aiul each has some i^'noti (|Liality to commend its use, hut they shonhl he reserx'eci 
foi l.iwns, dooryards and parks, wliere they will aiijiear to better adwintai^e th.in 
.iloni; the cui'bstones. 

None of tile e\-erL;reens liave a place on the list, for thev are of little use as 
sh.ide trees. Most of them ai'e forest trees, which, when .L;ro\\ in;4 in the open, .issnme 
a different h.ihit. their lower limbs commenciiiL; .it the L;round. A row of White 
Pines, properly trimmed. miL;IU be used on a country ro.ul, and the T.imar.ick. or 
American I. arch. lo,,ks well in the fanner's doory.irtl ; but .dl everLjreens recpiire skill 
ami great care in transpkintini;. and seem out of pi, ice in cit\- streets. M.iny of 
them, however, ,ire hii^dily oin.iment .d, ,ind \eiy useful for p.irk ,ind kiwn purposes; 
and then there is the un(piestion.d)le ,id\',intaL;e which everL^reens lKi\'e in winter, 
giving be.iuty to a roadside when all the other trees are bare. 

DCvStr(icti\ c IiivSCCts. 



(Mjjection will ]irobabl\- be m.ide to sonie of the species n.imcd because of their 
li.d)ility to injui-}- from tlestructi\e insects. l^ut if ,ill such tiees ,ire to be thrown 
out. the choice will be n.irrowed down to a \ery few kinds, the excluded ones 
embr.icing m,in_\- of our finest .iiul most ])opuhu- sh.ule trees. Rveii then, there is no 
assuiance th.it the rem, lining species, .dthough free from insects hitherto, will con- 
tinue in their immunity. The freedom of cert.iin trees from insect blight is tlue 
hugely to the f.ict tli.it few li.i\e been pl.nited. ,ind th.it the pests I'md plenty of 
footl in the other species. While it may not be jiossible to fulU' extermin.ite these 
borers and insects, or prevent entirely the injiir\- from this soiiice, the e\'il can be so 
Controlled tli.it their dest i iicti\'e work cm be gre,itl\' minimized; .uid. as regards 
some species and insects, entirely obvi.ited. It would seem th.it the Ijetter plan is 
to Continue phmting wh.itever species ma}' be desirable, .md. then, through intelli- 



■^^ Tlic (iiiHiunn L'luuuil <if .Mlj.inv p.^ssol an (U'linaiiLC in 1S71, pruvidint; thai " No pcrsrin sh.ill 
planl ov niaint.iin in tlu- city of .Ml),Tn\' any tree <>f tlie species conunonlv calleit the C'ottonwood, and 
any person who shall maintain, or suffer to remain, after reasonalile notice by the Street Department 
to remove such tree, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall incur a penalty not exceeding 
ten dollars for each ilay such tree shall remain after notice to remove, or by imprisonment in the 
Alljany County i'enitentiary not exceeding three nunuhs, or boih, in the <liscretion of the Court." 
Pursuant to this law all tlie Cottonwoods on the streets of .\lbany were cut down. The ordinance is 
still in force. 

Ill other cities orders were issued for the removal of this s|iecies; li\it il does not appear that it was 
a |ienitenli.iry offense for an obstinale uti/.cn lo "maintain" his preference for a Cottonwood. 



I KM n A\II\(, (i\ SIKKl'.IS A\l> llliJIW A\S. 



19 



jjfent nietliiKN .md faithful wnik cniiti'dl the c\m1 as far as ])('ssif)K-, The potato biiL^ 
was a Icirinidahlr ciicniy at oiu- time; hut tlu; faniii rs krpt on |)laiitiiii; and fi^^htinL; 
until they succcrdrd in o\cicominL; oi' coiit ii .IlinL; it. It has hrcn denioii'^tratLil tllat 
by sprax'ini^ ti'ccs, by usint; siiitaljlc cniulsioiis and insrcticidi-s, and b\' Ljat hcriiiL; the 
cocoons the destincti\e \\oil< of insects can, fo|- the most ]iaii, be prexented or, at 
least, controlled, d'he .Stati I'.nloinoloLjist is le.idy ,it .ill limes to furnish inform, i- 
tion ,ind .uUict' to ,iny who neetl his assistance. Willi proper cue <iiul .ittention 
the trees c.m be i)rolected ; but, if this care and .ittenlioii will not be L;iveii, the 
selection of the tree is ol little import, nice. 



ruipidilv, of Ciio\v tl). 

Trees ha\-e been desciilied here as of rapid Ljrowlh ,ind slow L;riiwth. These are 
larfjely relative terms which, to some iieoph-. ma\- con\e\- Ijut little nicmiuL;. They 
will be better understood when the growth r.ite of some of our welbknowii sjiecies 
is noted. l^CLiiiminL;' with a three-inch s.ipliiiL;. the followiiiL^r n.imed trees will, in 
twenty ye.irs, unijer f,i vendible conditions, .Utaiii a diameter ,ip])ro.\ini,itel}' as follows : 

J I inches 



White or Sil\ cr Maple, 

Ainerii an kdiii, 

Syi aiiKire or liiittiiiib.i II, 

Tulip Tree, . - . . 

Hasswood, . . . . 

t'atalp.i ( i/ri-ii'sa), 

Red Majile, . . . . 

.Vilantluis, - - _ . 

(."ueumlier Tree, 

Chestnut, - . . . 

^'ello\v I.oeust, - . . . 

Hard Maple, - . - . 

Horse (_'lu'stmit {////'/^iiiiis/<r//////t), 

Honey Locust, 

Red Oak, 

Pin Oak, .... 

Scarlet Oak, . . . . 
White Ash, .... 
White Oak, . . . . 

Hackberrv, .... 



19 
18 
18 

17 

1^1 
16 
16 

15 
14 
14 
I,? 



13 
12 
1 1 
10 



The heiijjht which each species ma)- be expected to attain is omitted here, as it 
will assume the usual pioporti<ni to the diameter. 



2(1 M:\i\rii KM'iiKi (»i- I 111 i<iki:M, iisii .wn <,amk c I 'M mission. 

Trees ma\' be planted in the sprini; nr fall, pi'eferably in the spring before the 
bmlsopen. I f, thi uut^li laeki'f infiirniatinn m expeiience, there shoiilcl be a diffi- 
eulty in ileterniininL; what t<i plant it \\i.iuld be well t<> nule the kinds that t]iri\'c 
best in the \ icinit\', and chunse accordingl)'. liaxiiiL; tleciileil ( m the sjjecies, the 
tree or trees shmild be ordeied linni some luiisei'v, bec.uise. as a Ljeneral thing, 
better resnlts will lie obtained. Nursery stock Ijears tiansplanting better than that 
from the woods; for the roots are not spiread out so widely as those of foi'est trees 
u'hicli, l)y le.ison of ponrer soil, aie obligetl to le.ich cuit furthei' foi' nourishment, 
Ani.\. hence, sust.iin moie injury when the tree is iIul; up. In si/e the iilaiit shoukl 
be from two to three inches in di.imeler ne.ir tile ground, and from ten to twelve 
feet high. lUit little is gained liy using larger ones, as the smaller trees soon over- 
t.ike lU' p.iss them, and the l.irger the ti'ee the gi'e.iter the risk in tr.uisplanting. 
Maples, b'.lrns and landens, hnwever, ma\' be used with larger tli.imeters than other 
spei. ies. The (),\k thri\es Ijetter when the smaller si/es are planted, 

\ inseiy trees cust from fifty cents to (Jiie di)ll,ir each, .iccoiding to the size or 
scaicit \, to which must be .uldetl the expense of height anil c.irt.ige. When oixlered 
in laige ipiantities a suitable ileductmn in |irice is made. Hut loi- \illages ,ind roads 
it m,i\' l)e more cmu'enieilt and economic. d m sunie localities to obt.iin the \oung 
trees fiom the neighboring woods. In th.it case pains must be taken to select 
str.iight, thrifty specimens with clean, lie.ilthy b.iik, well-shaped top, and regular 
arr.inLTement of branches. 



TransplaiitiiKj. 



In digging up ,i \'or,ng tree the roots should be pieserved as far as ])racticable, 
the circular trench being at least six feet in di. muter, or thri-e feet from the stem in 
all directions. ,\n\' unnecessar\' bre, iking or wDimding ot the roots must be 
avoided, and all the slender rootlets shoidd be secured .is far as possible. The more 
earth that can be taken up with the roots the better. A solitl lump is not necessary; 
l)ut wh.itexer soil clings to the ro<its sin uld be retained .ntil not allowed to fall off 
through jolting nr c.ireless handling. 

Having dug up the sapling, e.xamine the roots carcfulh', cut off cleanly and 
smoothly with a shar]) knife all the bruisetl nv broken ones, cutting them back to 
the sound wuod. Then these roots will not dec,i_\', aiul the new fibres or rootlets 
will grow (piickly. If there is .i long ta[) root is. shoukl be shortened to conform to 
the depth of the hole in which the tree is to stand. Do not allow the roots to be 
exposed to the sun or wind ; cox'er them up immediately with damp straw or bags, 
or, di|) them in liqui'd mud rejieatedly until a thick coating is formed that will 






■ ;» '' ■;* %'<>^ 










1" 











7-^-TW 




'A 






V , ^^V 



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'■ v:^i''M^xl..V;/lrv'^> 



^ 



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iO 












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-=^^-- -::r-^-A»'"*- .-SJMfSi^- ^-y^iStA 













TKIK I'l.WIINC (IN SIRF.Kr.s A M i 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 W A \ S. 



21 



cxckule the air. and kcrp tlirin niMist. II the lihinns in. its hi_:C'inu- (lr\' thrmi^h 
lack iif soiiu- siicll pricaiit inn thr \\nik wiU |>r<iiiahl\' ]iiii\r a laihiic. 

riic stem iif the tree ma\- lie cut l.iacis I'idiii the- tup; Imt the fi'equeiit iiietlmil 
(if pniniiiL; fmist sapliie^s dnwn to a liare pule is imt aiK'isahle. It is better tn 
alhiw three or four of the liinlis to remain, sclectiiiL; those \\hi(h will ;^iee the best 
aricUii^enieiit : and tlnii, in ciittini; tlieni liaclc. leave one bad on e.ich. This will 
nt.ds'e a Ijetter shaped tnc in time llie severe pinninL; ol the t ransplaiite(.l tree is 
iiecessar\' on account of the loss in its inots; the m.ire roots are cut oH the ijre.iter 
the amount of pinniiiL; needed. 

There must be ,i new L;rowt!i of root llbres belore the eouns^ tree can su|)p(Trt its 
foliai,fe safely. I he le.ucs of ,i he.dthy 1 re(_- .ire nourished b_\- the sap which is ilrawn 
from tin- idofs ,is fast .is lu-eded : but il this tree is t r.mspkinted the sup|il\- is par- 
ti. dly cut off until new roots ,ind fibres avc fornu-d to repkice those lost in traiis- 
pl.mtiny,. ll.durinL; this period, tin- le.ixes AUi\ In. inches .ire .dhmid to keep on 
di.iininL; the s.ip, tlu\- will exh.iiist the snpph' Ijebne the new roots ,ire i^'n.iw n, .md 
the tiee will soon wither or die. 

Ihe n.itur.il ch.ir,ict(.-r ol the soil should ,ilw'.i\'s In.' c.irelidh' stu(li(.-(.l, for trees 
that thrive in one pi. ice m.i\' f.iil in others. Some species th.it .itt.iin their lii|_;hest 
development in s.mdy soils will not li\e in ,iny other; some th.it rind ,i n.itur.d h.ibi- 
t.it in licit L;round must h,i\c the s.ime soil cmulitions in order to fulfill the e.xpecta- 
ti(jns of the pi, inter ; while others ih.it thri\-(; in low wet pi, ices will eke out but a 
scanty existence il pl.int(.'d on hi;-;h. (lr\' kinds. The .irt illci.illy prep.ired e.irth with 
which the hole is tilled ciniiot be (le|iended on to perm.m(.'ntly counter.ict the unf.i- 
\'or.ible inlluence ol .id|,icent sml. 

rile holes should be die,; belore the trees ,irri\'e. .md the e.irth for tllline should 
also be in readiness. ihe Irnh's must be l.irL;e enoni;h so th.it the roots can be 
spread out in their n.itnr.il piosition without ciMmpini;" them in the le.ist. It is well 
to t\\'^ them so that there will be ,i foot or more of .iddition.il sp.ice on ,ill sides, .md 
of .imple (.lepth. This is esneci.ilK' necess.ii\- in poor soil. In dieoini;' throw the 
top soil to cine si(.le and cut ,iw,i\- the poorer e.irth which c.ime finm the lowa-r p.irt 
of the hole. In place of the kitti_r use ,i rii h soil, one-fourth manure, thoroiiL^hK' 
mixed, worked until it is tine .ind free from lamps, sods or stones. L'se im m.mure 
unless it is thorouL^hh' mixed with e.irth ; if it touches the rmits it will burn or I'ot 
them. W heif there is .i ;_;ood soil of suftlcient depth, wall .ukipted to the n.itur.d 
reipiiremeiits ol the species to b,; pl.int(_d. much more m.iy not be necess.uy aside 
tidin ni.ikiiiL; the hole lari^e (.■n(iiiL;h so th.it .ill the roots cm \>c spre.ul out IreeU' 
without an\' crampiuL; or twistine. 



SEVKNllI KKl'ciKr IIF TIIF. IdRKSl', FISH AM) CAME (_( > M M FSSK ).\. 



In scttiiiL;' the tree two men are reqiiireil. One is needed ti> huld the tree 
n[iriL;ht ; tlie nthei' viU he fully (iccupiee! shnveliiiL; in the eaith and then wurkini; jt 
with his hantls uiuler .{t\(l cli>sel\' arnLiiul the routs .uid fibrous hraiKlu"^. Flu' eai'th 
must be thrown in slo«l\' and in sm^dl quantities at a time; as last as thiown in it 
slioulcj he lamnied nv troeldeii <_lo\\ II until there can be no air spaces, and until e\'ery 
rootlet is broLiL;lit in close contact with the soil. No water should lie nsetl ; it is not 
necessary. II dashed into the hole, ,is sometimes d(JiK', it is apt to w ,l-^Ii the e.irth 
away from the roots in places, leaxaiiL;^ air holes. It watei' is used it is better to 
s[Minkle the sitles ,uul I>ottomof the hole before plantini;": alscj the surf. ice ()f the 
ground ,d"tei' the work is done. hhequent an^I thoiouL;h iMmmiuL; is necess.iry. 
"\'ouni; trees that ha\ e wilted and seem to he dyint;' have been restored (juickly to 
life and \'iL;<ir b\' usiny; heav\' rammers that brought the loose earth in contact with 
the mots ai^ain. 

In addition to .i rich soil it is hiLjlily essential th.it there sh.ijuld he a good 
drain. ige. Moisture is beneficial; but il w.iter collects around the roots the tiee 
will die. C'lay is imperviiuis to w.itei', and if .i sti'.itum of this soil is found near the 
bottom of the hole, tlr. linage must be pid\ided by digging .i p.issage through it, 
building a stone diMin, or sinking a \er\' deep hole which can be filled to a proper 
height with broken r(jck, gra\el, or ashes. 

A tree should Lie set .it the same depth th.it it foiineily occui)ied ; but when the 
hole has been filled the surface m.iy he roLUuled up sufficiently to allow l(n- the 
settling <if the earth. If exposed to sti'ong winds the \'oung tree should lie 
" st.iked," and f.istened to t he st.ikes by strips of cloth or ,uiy .ippliance that will 
not injure the b.irk. In setting out .i forest tiee it m.iy be well to place it in the 
same position as to points of comp.iss which it (uigin.dly occupied. A cloudy day 
is Ijetter for planting tli.m one when the sun shines cle.ir ,ind hot. 

y\fter the tree is [d.inted the ground should be covered with .i mulch, three or 
f(jui' inches deep, of straw, h.i\'. or m.inure. The l.ittei' will ser\'e, also, as ,i fertilizer. 
If nothing else is tlone, the loose stones that came out of the hole can be thrown 
back' on the gi'ound t.: keep it moist. h'or a few yi-ars the surface of the gri.iund 
around the tiee should be loosened each se.isoii to pre\'ent it from becoming dry 
.iiid h.ird. Grass and weeds should be kept out, as the)' weaken the growth ot the 
yming trees. 

.Mtlioiigh spring is the better time foi' transiikmling. it m.iy be tlesirable under 
some circumstances where nurser_\- trees are used to order them in the fall, and then 
heel them in until spring. "IK'eling in" is temporary pl.iuting in ,i trench, or 
merely pi, icing tluun in the ground .ind cox'ering the roots with <i thick la_\er of 



ii;Ki-: n,A\ri\i, hn mi;i:i-,is anh ii n.iiw an s. 23 

cliiscly-p.ickcd ^ni\ tn Lxcliiik' llic .lir. They can he placiil clcisely tciL;cthcr. ,inA 
^liiiuid l)c set ill ,1 slantiiiL; [insitiun with the tnps incliiicil aua\' hnin the prcwiilin^' 
wiiuls. 1 IcelinL; is also icsortcii tn when luirsci'V' stock aiiivcs bclmc [jrcparation 
has been ina(K: h ir planliii;^. 

This nicthiul is faxoiiil l)\' sdinc because, wlien trees are taken up in tile spring 
the "callus" which fnrnis mh ihe mutilaleil runts will iidt put nut its while, h.iiiy- 
like fibres in time tn luruish s,ip Inr the e.iiK' buds th.it .ire dependent nu tlieni; 
but when t.iken up in the kill .iiid heeled in. the cillus Inriiis dui'iiiv; the winlei', ,uid 
is ready with its new hbinus L;ii>\\th to iiirnish nuiiiishnient as soon as transplanted. 



Pr(tniiK]. 

As trees grow kirger and nlder they reipiire pianiini; occisioiially to remove 
ilead linii_)s, to improve their sli.ipe, .iiid, in tile c.ise of \-ery old trees, to restore 
them to \igoi'. riiis work shcjiild iint be entrusted tn igiinr.mt, inexperienced 

|)ersons, .is is t jften the c.ise. Men nl this ckiss Ireiiuent mir cities, and solicit 

employnicnt as tree pruiiers. With glib tongues they tlescribe the liefects, real 
or otherwise, in stieet or l.iw n trees, .ind obt.iin permissic)n to do snnie work. 
As a result, l)e,uitifiil specimens h.t\ e been disligured or irreUledi.ibU' injured. 
Whenever any e.Kteiisive pruning iiecomes neccssai')' pi'oper means should be t.iken 
to secure the services o| skilhil, evperieiiced men w Im h.ive testimonials or 
recc^mmeiidatioiis signed b\- some Ci>mpet(.nt ,iuthoiit\' in such matters. 

.Some of our best sh.uie trees c.iit be inipro\'ed in appe.irance occasionall)' b\' 
trimming or cutting b.ick in oiiier to correct iiaegularities, or tc) attain some 
form better .ukipted to the silu.itiou. .Siu h work cm be dnne witJMut injury 
to the trees; init it cm be uiidert.iken s.ilelv cuilv b\' ,1 skilliil, professional tree 
pruner. 

W'lu-n a tree becomes " st.ig headed " b\-d\-ing ,it the top the de.ui limiis thus 
exposed should be cut olf, .iiid the rest of the tree trimmed soniewh.it to collect the 
irregukirilv m its geiler.il outline. ( )ld trees th.it h.u'e become b.ire ,uid uiisightl)' 
may often be restored to tempor,ir\- \igor .md clothed with fnli.ige bv sexere |)run- 
iiig; but .iiu' extensive tiimming ol this kind is justih.ilile onl\- when it is neces- 
sary to prolong the lile ol .i tree which otherwise wouKl snnii die. .Some species. 
Hard M.iple l<ir inst.mce, .ilnii-.; ,1 w.ilk or drivew.iv cm be m.uie more service, ible 
uncltn' cert.iin conditions b\- incre.ising their luiglit. which is ,iccom|)lislu d b\- 
CiittingdII a tew ol their lower limbs. Hut this oper.ition requires cirefiil, intelli- 
gent work, and slinuKl not be resorted to unless there are special reasons for it. 



H 



SI \ 1 \ I li Kii'dKr oi iiii iiiKisr, iisii AMi (■..\^n•: (ommission. 



Pi-uiiint:; is necessary at times tlie same as surgery, ami is successful only when 
skilfully il(ine. 

Tile best time for priininL,' is in tile fall, soon after the leaves lia\'e drop|ied. 
Trees m.iy he pruned in the sprini; witli s.ifety, hut it must he (hme e.uiy and before 
there is any swelling of the buds. Soft maples will st.uul a moderate trimming 
during the sap se.isun. 

Wlieiiever a hr.tncli is I'emiu'cd, whetlier ,i de.id or a li\'e erne, it must be cut off 
close to and e\'en witli the trunk, no matter how l.irge the wound. The new wood 
and bark will tlien, in time, cowr the denuded space. Tlie process b\- which this 
reccn-ery is accomplished is well explaiiu-tl in I )es Cirs' tie.itisc on tree pruning, a 
copy of which slnuild l)e in the possession of e\ei\- one who (jwns or li.is cli.irge of 
trees. If a hianch is not cut off close to the trunk, the projecting stub so(.m deciys, 
its bark f.dls off, .md the stuni[) remains "like ,i plug of deca\ing wood dri\'en into 
the truid<," from which tile rotten ni.iss extends r.ipidK* to the heart of the tree." 

In removing . I large branch, enough of the outer portion slioukl be first saweil 
off to prevent its weiglu from siditting the wood downw.ird ijevond the point wiiere 
the tiilal cut is to i)L- made. ;\Ii wovinds made in pruning slioukl be covered with 
coal tar or white le.id to exclude the ,iir from the r,iw surf.ice. Coal or gas tar, by 
l)enetrating the pores of the wood, acts as a preservative, and at the same time 
prevents the iiiroaels of fungi and insects. The p.iinting of the exjjosetl surf.ice is 
nioie elllc.icious if done when the s,i]> has ceaseii its flow, fiii' then the material 
ajiplied will .idliere more readily to llic wood. 

Ne.irlv two hundred ,ind fift)- ye.irs ,igo John I^velynf in (.liscussing the sul.iject 
of pruning says: "I'ul.itio, or rruning, is the purgatii.m of trees in geiler.d from 
wli.it is supeinuoiis. The aiitieiits found such benefit in jiruiling tli.it the}' feigiletl 
a Goddess presided over it, as i\rnobius tells us: .lud, in truth, it is in the iliscreet 
performance of this work th.it the imiiroveineiit of our timber aiul woods docs as 
much Consist ;is in anything whatsoever. It is a miserv to see how our fairest trees 
,ire ilet.iced .md m.ingled by unskillful wood-men and mischievous borderers, who go 
always armed with short hand-bills, hacking and chopping off .ill th.it comes in their 
way; by v\liicli our trees are ni.ide full of knots, stubs, boils, cankers, aiul (.leformei,l 
Itimches, to their utter destruction. iVs much to l)e rein'eheiided .ire those who 



*A treatise on rruninj^ I'^.irt'^t ami Ornamental Trees, IJy A, 1 'es t'ari, Translale.l frum I'reneh. 
with an intr.nUiLtion hy Tharles S Sargent. I'rt)fe?isor ul' Arlionm It ii re in liaivanl I'nllegt-, I'lihlisheil 
by the Massaehu>-etts Sneicly l.ir the I'runidtion nf Ayrieul 1 are, r.nst.in, lSc)4. 

-| .Silva, .\ Discourse of hori-st trees and the I'mjiatjation of Timber, I'lV |i>lin livelyn, Ksq., V. K, .S. 
Written in 1062. 2 \'ols, 410, S02 pp. 




Mui;i;i Willi iKKi.s I'l.. Willi in>iiii-; iiii: w air. — w a ikr n i\vn. n. v. 




MAI'l.KS AM> KlMs. — MAY MiUK AVKMI-, W ASllI M ,1 ( i\ . |i. C 



TKKl- I'l.AN'llM. UN STREETS AMi 1 1 li ill \V.\ VS. 25 

cither be nn this \\(irl< at unscasdiialilc times, or so maim tlie jjoor brandies tliat, 
cither nut nf hi/.iness. ur want nf skill, tlie\' lea\'e most df tliem stubs, and inste<id of 
cuttiiiL,f the .unis anil bi', inches chise to the b'lle, haelc tliein off a foot or two from 
the body of the ti'ee, by whieli me.ms tiiey f)eCome hoUow and rotten, aiul are so 
many conduits to receive the r.nn and the weatiier, wiiicii Conve)'s tile wet to the 
ver\' matrix and iie.u't, tleformin^ the wjiole tree with many UL;ly botclies wliicli 
sliortcns its Hfe and utterly m.irs tlie timber." lie also cautions the piamei- "to cut 
smooth and shipiuL;" upwai'ds, if upi'is^iit iioLiy;hs, otherwise downw.iriis ; anil be sure 
to emplaster threat wounds to kcej) out the wet, and li,istt-n the coveriiiL;' of the bark: 
besides, fur interlucation, remo\'e exuber.mt br, inches, ,/ s/'issiir iinnoruiii coduc, 
where tlte boni;hs <,^row too thick ami aie cumljersonie, to let in the sun ,iiid air." 

When one reads the old w iitinL,'s of this silvan worthy it would seem that there 
is nothini; new to be said on trees or forestr}', and that whate\-er one miylit write on 
the subject it W(uild .ippe.ii' \ery much like plagiarism. 

Arranovmcnt o)' Trees on C5lieel\s. 



In street pKinling- the trees slnuild be pi, iced wntli reference to the room they 
will need when k lly grown, r,itlu-r tli.in with reference to tlu' lot hounderies; other- 
wise, there will be irregularity, o\'i-rcro\\ ding ,uul uiKJCCupied sp.ices. The a\'erage 
city lot is too narrow to permit ,1 tree on cicli. ,ind so the pro|ier sp. icing on .1 block 
must be detei'mined iri'espcct i\e of the wishes of the propcrt\' owners, t-.icli of whom 
might w.mt a tree in front of his house. If a block is full\- |)l,inted, the tiees on mie 
siile of the street should st.ind opjiosite the spaces on the other side. I'laiiting at 
half ilistance, with the intention of renio\ing e\'ery otliei' tree in time, is sometimes 
ilone in order to obt.iin more sh.ide at the start. l^ut this jikm is an objectionable 
one; tlie intermedkite trees ;ire seldom removed, .and, in their crowded condition, 
become ill-shaped .md nndersi/.ed. The arrangement is ,1 iloubt fill expedient, even 
if the superfluous ones are iemo\-ed ,it the proper time; for while the trees are sni.ill 
they afford neither he.iuty nor shade, no matter how closcl_\- they weie pl.mteil. 
The oill_\- case in which interv.ils might be filled with .uUant.ige is in ,1 row of old 
trees that have passed maturity and are Hearing their end. in such a c.ise time can 
be saveil by jilanting ,\'onng ones in the spaces; for when the old deca\nng trees fall 
the young ones will be wall along tow.ird replacing theni. ( )n ri-sidenti.il streets 
where the houses stand well b.ick from the fence line, with l.iuns or w ide \"artls in 
front, the trees should not be placed ,it the curb, but inside the w.ilk where they will 
be free from injury, obt.iin more moisture, .ind .ifford .111 eipi.illy good sh.ide. 



;6 



SEVENTH REPORT OF THE FOREST, FISH AND CAME COMMISSION'. 



An avenue should be planted throughout its entire length with the same species 
or, .it least, for sex'eral blocks. H\- using one kind on a street a stateh' .irchitectural 
effect is obtained that will always be pleasing and impressive. While variety may be 
desirable for its educational tendency, it should not be permitted because of the 
irregular, unsightl\- ap]3earance caused by trees of different sizes and sha|5es. Lamp 
posts, as well as trees, are deemed ornamental by many pe<.[)le : but nn one would 
even think of erecting posts of dift'erent heights, size and appearance on the same 
street. The ad\'antages of a wirietx' are better secured l.>y planting iliffei-ent species 
on (.litferent streets. A pleasing and achisable \-ariation of this rale has been 
suggested b\' Mr. Lewis Collins, .Secret. ir_\- of the Brooklyn Tree-Planting Societ}' — 
that at the intersection of wide streets an I'^lm should be [ilaced at e.ich corner, .m 
arr.mgement which would .kUI rather th.in detract from the .irchitectural appearance. 
A change f)f trees may be allowetl on rur.il dri\'e\va_\-s where the irregularity of the 
scenery will better permit such an arr.mgement ; but, e\'en then, it is better to avoid 
abrupt, repeated ch.mges b\- ])kinting the s.ime species for .i consider, ible distance. 

Although e\er\' I'esidenti.il stieet shouki be well shaeied, .m exception m.i}- be 
made in commeici.il thoroughf.ires. The Litter, in scune inst.mces. might be pl.mted 
and thus rendered more .ittractix'e without interfering with business oper.itions. Li 
European cities the commerci.il streets often present a pleasing picture on .account 
of the foliage which also hides from view the m.irks of tr.ide, while in Holl.ind the 
wh.irves in some places are sh.ided by tall trees th.it mingle their br. inches and le.ucs 
with the y.ird arms and rigging of vessels unloading .it the docks close by. 



Protection of Trees. 

Li towns and cities the trunk of every tree, whether young or old, newly planted 
or of full gicjwth, should be enclosed to a proper height in wire netting of a small 
mesh. LJnless this is done, or some simil.ir precaution t.iken, it is not wm-th while to 
plant. The necessity iov some such protection is re.idil_\- ajiparent on examining trees 
from the curbstone side, and observing the l.irge number on which the bark has been 
gnawed 1)\' Inu'ses. There is a feeling akin to pity when one notes the patient, 
repeated effoits of the tree to repair the injury —how it tries e.ich ye.ir to cover the 
wound with new wood and bark, only to have it torn and widened by some fresh 
attack. It is wasted time to discuss punitive measures .is a remedy for this e\il. 
Tile horse is not to blame; and any l.iw for the prosecution of the driver would 
be pr.ictically inoiierative. A more sensible w.iy wouUl be to protect the tree b\' 
some of the simple, inexpensive de\'ices which .ire .iv.iil.ible. All of the trees in 
Washington .ire protected by wire screens, of .i large mesh, wr.ippeiJ .iround the 



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I 

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iRi.i n,A\riN<; ox siki:i.:is .wn iih.iiwavs. 27 

trunk. Rut this, in turn, will never be dniie until the care uf the trees devolves 
upim the city .luthoiit ies nv a t ree-plantin;^ siiciet\- inxesteil with necis^ary pnwers. 
'I'he man in a rented hmise will nut iiu'est a cent in pintect the tree in front of his 
residence, antl the lanilhn'el cares nothiiv^ abuut it so Iimil; .is lu- L;ets his rent. 

The erection ul electric wii'es for telei)iione service, troUex' lines and illuniiii.LtiiiL;" 
purposes, is a prulihc soui'ce of injury. It is ,1 disputed cpiestinn wln.ther electricity 
itseli dues much harm: in lact, ,1 mild cuireiit m.iy l)e heileficial to trees as well as 
men. I'rol. .Stone states that, as show 11 by e.-vperiment s, the alteinat ini; current is 
less disastrous to pl.int life than the dii\ct current, and th.it i-ither, when used at a 
certain sti'enL;th, will .iccelerate L;ro\\th ami streiiL;th."' The inpii\' from the current 
is mostly local, beini; confined to [joints of contact; and this can be larL;el_v pre- 
vented l)\- a complete iusul.ition of the wires. Hut the mutilation (ji cbstruct ion of 
trees causetl in the strin^iiiL; of the wires is another in.itter. I'his evil can \)c 
pi'evented by the \ill,i'^e or town .lutlnnities, unless ,1 ri^ht of w.iy h,is i)een L;r.inted 
which L;i\'es tile i.iilro.id, tilephone, nr electric li.nht compaii\- pirmission to remove 
<in\' obstruction that interferes with the erection ot its [joles and wires. 



Protcclioii I'l'om In.sccts. 

Protection from insects leipiires constant care and watchfulness. As the house- 
holder, yeneially, has only ,t tew trees to look after, he can, with proper cai'e ,ind 
diligence, I fkctu. illy check .my insect pest Ijtfore serious dani,i;,;e is inllicted. lliil 
neL;lect .md cirelessness on his p.iit m.iy result in the loss of his trees. ,\t the first 
sis^n of d.uiLjer expert .idvice should be sou^^ht lor .is to the proper remedii's ,ind 
methods to be employed. Where ,i l.irL;e number of trees on a street orl.iwn.ire 
,itt,icked bv insects ,1 spra\-in;^" with poisonous mixtures must be I't.'sorted to. 

.Spr.iyini_; is done with ,idiipk-x pLimp opeiMted l)\'aste.im or L^.isoline enL;ine, the 
machineiN" .md t.iiik beiiiL; ]il.iced in .1 li;..;ht sprint; w.iijon, ,ind h.inled with one hoi'se 
Irian pi, ice to pi, ice. With i)^ pminds pressure, or t here.ibouts, trees i-iL;ht\' feet 
lliL;h cm be spr.iyetl ; ,ind by usino l.ulder-,, .iml hn-^c with ,1 spr.i\- ni>//le, the iindei 
side of the ;e,i\es cm be thoroii^hU' drenched. This .ipp.ir.itus is used on streets 
.mil in public p. irks, or win lever ,i l.ir^e numbe-r of trees reipiire tre.itinent. The 
citi/eii who is mostly coiicernetl with the trees of his own street front or lawn cm 
obt.iin s.itist.icti M\' results hiuii ,1 h.ind [)ump with plent\' of hose. To be effective 
the spr.iyin:4 must be ilone .it the time the insects taes^in to feeil. 

* I'riif. ( ".c<»ii:;e v.. Stuiu-, Ilalili l\xiiii innnl St at i. .11 . .\ in tu■^^I . Mass, I 'aiiL^LTs t .) Sha'ic 'I'lees; a 
pa|.rr it-a'l at a iik-cI 1111; nt the Ma^sat husctls l-'Drarstry -Vsstn i.it i,ui, hi-M 111 W'.n . rstuf. M.iss.. .X()\, u^, 
1 902. 



2S SKVENTH KErokl' OV THE FOREST, FISH AXI) (_;AME CUMMISSKjN. 

Various mixtures liave been tried — Paris green, London purple, and arsenate of 
lead — each Avith i^ooi] effect. I'rof. l^'elt. State I'lntiimolot^ist. reci:mmends the fol- 
lowing preparation as an effective one against the ra\'ages (if leaf-de\'ouiing species: 
Dissolve eleven ounces nf acetate of leatl (sugar of lead) in four quarts of water in 
a wooden p.iil. and four ounces of arsenate of soi_la (50', purity) in two quarts of 
water in another wonden pail. ,\s the acetate (.)f lead dissolves r.ither slowly in cold 
water, the process can be h.istened b\' using warm water. I'ciur the resulting solu- 
tion intii the spr.iying tank, which should contain about eight)' gallons of water. 
Where a cunt.ict insecticide becomes necess.iry, as in the case with sucking or biting 
insects, aphids, plant lice, scale [lests, etc.. he aiKises the use of this emulsion: Dis- 
solve oiie-h.ilf [lound of hartl so.ip in one gallon of boiling w. iter. and. while still 
hot. add two gallons of kerosene: emulsify jjy p.issing r.qiitlU' thniugh a foi'ce [lump 
till it a'^sunies a uniform cream_\- consistency anil the oil does not separate. l)ilute 
this with ten parts of water before using. In limestone regions use the sour milk 
emulsion, composed of one gallon of sour milk ,ind two gallons of kerosene ; emul- 
sify ,ind dilute as describeti befi_)re. 

The cost of spra\-iiig tlepends necessarily on the extent of the work — the larger 
the ninuber of trees, the less will be the a\'erage expense. In 1S9S the cost of spray- 
ing I'dms in ,\lb.my w:is .about fifteen cents i)er tree for each application : ami in 
1900, with a more expensive apparatus ami men winking under the eight-hour law. 
it cost twenty-two cents. In Troy, trees \vere spr.iyed by contract at twenty-three 
cents for each spraying, :i much higher price being charged for single or scattering 
trees. In New lirunswick. N. J., a contract for the se.iscin, inckRling treatment as 
often as needed, was maile at one doll.ir per tree. The expense, whatever it ma)' 
be, is insignificant as conq^ared with the \'alue of the trees. 

A simple anti effective check on cert.nn insects — the white-marked tussock moth 
for instance — consists in destro)'ing the egg masses. In 1 Sq4 the school children 
of Rochester, N. Y.. stimulatetl b)' liberal cash prizes, g.ithered S,Soo,200 cocoons of 
this insect, and thoroughly eradicated the jiest in that localit)-. (.)f the successful 
scholars. 65 receivetl a §10 gold piece each, while others received smaller awards. 
The pi'izes. which were offered and puld b)' the Genesee Valley l'"orestry Associa- 
tion, amounted to much more than was expected; but the mone)' was well e.xpendetl 
and chcerfull)' ])aid, as the city saved its shade trees and securecl immunity from 
further ravages of a destructive insect. 

The limits of this article will hardly permit of a description of the various insects 
and borers th.it infest our shade trees: or a recital of the m.m)- lormulas for insecti- 
cides which have proved effective in checking their ravages. 




A Wl'.ll, I'l.AN I i:i> Illt.llW AN .- II M I.I^M IN (dlNIA, N, \, 




I'DK I Ai;i.l. INi.lM Wli I'lMI' l()K >1'K\N1M. T 1< 1 , 1.^. — A I ,1;A.\ \ , N. V, 



iKi:!-. I'I.wiim; ii\ sikii is wn hk.iiw.ws. 2g 

The insects whicli l<ill or injure shade trees ma\' he divided intu three c^eneral 
classes: (il the leal-de\'uurinL; i>r mastic, itin;^ species; (j) tiu- leal-piercing, ilnn- 
ni.istic.itin;^. or siickiiiL;' insects; ( :; i the buiers. I'lcif. h'elt. in the pre\-ii)us reprirts" 
iif the I'orest C< mimissinn, Ljives a minute descripticm <i| the tussock moth, forest 
tent caterpilhii', leop.ird motli, m.iple bcu'ci', in,iple tree pruner, cottony scde insect, 
elm le,if beetle, b.ii;' worm, f.ill web worm, spiny elm citerpilhir, elm boier, elm bark 
louse, and elm snout beetle. These descriptions arc accomp.mied by colored illus- 
trations showint;' the insects at e.ich st.ii^e of ti'ansform.it ion ; ,dso. formulas for 
insecticides, spr.iN'iuL; mixtures, ,uul emulsions, toijether with the details of other 
methods that have proved elfective. 



/^Xcinicipal Control. 



In towns where there ,ire no well-ortj.uii/.ed tree-pl.uitin;^ or vill,'i;4e improvement 
societies the plantini; of street trees .mil their subseipient cai e shoukl tlevolve on 
the cit\- (U' vill.iL;e L;o\'ernment, prefeiably, if in ,i city, on the p. irk commissioners, 
as the offici.ds in th.it dep.irtmeiit would be better (pi.ditk-d fo|- the woik, farther 
removed from political innuences, ,ind would be nunc .ipt to ha\e the lon;_; tenure 
of office necessar\' to the proper man.iLjemeut o( the wurk. Idle plantiuL; .uid care 
of street trees l)elonL;s in the city sj,dvernment as much ;is street p.iviiii;. Under 
the stimulus of loc.d impro\-iinent societies indi\-ii_lu,ils often do smne pl.iutii;L;; but 
when they sell their propi-it\' or mo\'e aw.i_\- the trees are .ipt to be neL,decteil. 
Moreo\-er, it is difficult without municip.il control to secure the concerted action 
necessary for pkuitiuL;' a street its entire lenijth with uniform .ind properl)' selected 
species. 

Then, again, under the m.inagement of ,i speci.d city de]i.irtnu:nt, |)roperly su])- 
l)lie(_l with funds, the spi.ix'ing of trees and su[)|3ression ot insect pests cm be suc- 
cessfully accomplished ; but it is doubtful if our trees can be preserved from this 
evil through the parti, d .md tlisconnected efforts of indi\'idu,ds. As in W'.ishington 
,ind I'.iris, e\'ery city slnndd establish nurseries, supported by municijjal appropria- 
tions, in which the \-,irious species best ,u.l,ipteil to street pkinting cm be propagated 
and grown with specuil reference to such use. 

In some of our cities — New N'ork ,uul ]^rookl_\ui for instance — valuable and 
effective work h.is Ijeen .icciunplished by tree-planting societies; and their intelli- 

* Insects Injurious to Sli.Tclt- 'lifcs. I-'.. I'. I'clt, I >. Si,, State Kntonuiloi^i^i. I''ourtli AuTuuil 
Report, I'orest, Fish .tikI I tame Coiuuii^-sioii, .Mluiny. iSi)8. Also, Inseits Injurious lo \'.\n\ 'frees. l)y 
s.ime autlior. I'ifth Aiiiiual Ke)M.rt of Coinniission, iSqy. See. also. Prof. A. S. I'ai k.inl, I'iftli Report 
of the U. S. Futomologieal Comiuission, \t]\ 31-47. Washington. iSoo. 



30 SEVENTH KEl'DKI' oE THE EoKESr, ETSH AMI CAME (.(IMMISSION. 

gent efforts slinuhl receive, in some furni or anotlier, substantial recognition from 
the city l;o\ eminent. While there may be leg.il objections to conferring municipal 
powers on inib\iilii,ils nr assciciations, Hberal ajipropriations might, with gdod pi'cce- 
dent, be made foi' the boiefit of a ti'ee-planting society to en.dile it to carr\' mi its 
work. Actu.ited h_\- disinteresteci entliusiasm, .md jirnvided with fiiiuls fi>r th.e 
em]doyment of competent men, the society wouhl (hi as gootl and intelb'gent 
work as any parl^ commission, and, nntler cei'tain cii'cumstances, secure better 
results. 

I'eciplewho (piestimi the ad\'isahiHty nf jikinting shach' tiees in cities rehearse 
the old st<ny about t!ic injurious effects of sm<ike, dust, antl pavements, and then 
point to some sickl\\ delorr.ied specimens in proot nt their argument. 1-iut these 
uutiirtunate trees ,ire the result of poor selection, bad pl.inting, and neglect; anil 
the blame should not he laid elsewhere. 7\sphalt pa\'ement, though impervinus to 
rain, will not preMiit trees fi'om obtaining moisture. ( )n the otliei' h.md, it pi'cvents 
evapor.ition ; the e.irth beneath it is always thimp, for there is still a suppl\- of water 
frnm .uljoining .ire, is .md sm.ill uiulerginuiul courses. h'ni' years the stieet trees of 
Washington and Paris have grown and flourished on the asphalt jicivement of those 
cities. 

It must be conceded, however, that .asphalt or other impervious p.ivements 
lessen greatU' the suppK' o| moisture ,ind pre\'ent a sufficient aeration (if the roots. 
Td (ib\-i.ite this iinf.i\'or,ible cou(lition as f,ir as possible the flagging on the side- 
w.ilks shduld be cut out around the tree — leaving a circular space as l.irge ,is the 
situation will jieiniit — to facilit.ite artificial watering, to enable more ot the lainbill 
to reach the rtK.its, and to .illow ,i fre(pient hjosening of the earth at thv surface. On 
narrow siilewalks this o|)ening in the flagging should lie in the form of an oblong 
rectangle in which the longest sides are parallel with the curbstone, as a kirger space 
can thus be (ilitained without encroaching on the pathway. A still better plan 
would be to lay the flagging to the tree line only, leaving a strip of ground ne.xt the 
curbing, covered with gravel. The intervals between the trees are not used by 
peojilf walking along the street. A slight slope in the surrounding flagstones — not 
enough to interfere with walking — \vill increase the area of drainage and amount of 
moisture received, and a portion of the water that falls on the house roofs can also 
be conducted in proper quantity from the eaves-troughs and leaders to the roots 
by conduits laid beneath the flagstones. Where there is an asphalt pavement, open- 
ings protected by iron gratings should be left in the gutter opposite each tree, 
through which w.iter will find its way at every shower, or wlieii the gutters are 
flushed from a hy(.lrant. 

AiK.ither unlavor.ible condition caused by a tight pavement is the prevention of 




/', ., 




iKi i; i'iA\ii\(, (»\ srKi,i;rs .wh ii n.iiw \\ s. 



a pi'iipci' .icr.itinn (.f tlic- nxits. ^hi■^ c.m !)r irnK-dicil tn simir Mii.ill cx'ciit \>y the 
(ipriiinL;^ Irl t in t lir ll.iL;L;inL; .it 1 lie l).i--c nf the trunk. lint this .ilTi >r(K i >nl\- a partial 
i\-mi_(l\' at the 1)1 st, and so we lanu'it cvpci t that a iit\- tiar cm a clnscK' paved 
strct.-t and sidrwalk" will (h\chip the same thiitt\' L;i'<i\\th and appiMi'ance ,is if it 
stcind nn a \ illa;^c st ri-rt wluar the ■._;i'(iiind ari ain<l it was exposed to air and snidiL;ht. 

Pciiplr who liilicxr in thr cIlKaiN' nl f crt ili/ei's in prnmotinL; tn;c L;i''i\\th aia: ,ipt 
to consider the plantiii;.,; ( if pa\ ed st reels a douht t ul iindertakinL; liecause there is 
no opportnnity to enrich <H- ciiltix'ate tin- L;roiind. lint such discouraLjenieiit does 
not seem to he based on sulhcieiit reascuis. l-'cu't iIi/iiil; material is l)(_-ii eficial to sni- 
face crops, hut it can exert but little inllueiue on roots that luuitrate deeply in the 
e.irth, and which must draw their sustenance from the lower strata fountl there, 
t;ood or bad as the case m<i\' l)e. 

Ill iiiaii\- (, il \ streets the Ljround ]iresents unnatural and nnfax'oi'alile coiulitions. 
The surf. ice has been cut cl.jwn extensively b\' i^radiiiL; or blastiiiL;, w liii h leaves 
exposed only the sterile earth <if the lower strata; or a (Kpression h, is been filled, 
in which case the pkintiiiL; must be done on "made i^roiind " composed i>f ashes, 
street litter, old tinw.ire, .\\\t\ all tin.' other kinds o| rubbish which are dniiiped in 
such pi, ices by the streit cleaniiiL; bnre.iu. Such cmiditions, however, should not be 
consitlered ,is ,i deterrent in ]ilantinL; ; but they deni.md ,i iiKjie thon;,:,ditfnl stud_\' of 
the situation, with some addition. il elbirl in [irovicliiii; KuLjer holes ,ind ,ui .imple 
suppl)' of fertile soil. 

While smoke ,ind dust undoiibtedU' .ire injurious to some species, le.ikaL;"e from 
<j,is m.iiiis h.is c.iiiseil b\- j.ir the L;reatest destruction ol trees in cit\' ,iiid villaj^e 
streets. No m.itter how h.irdy the species, how \\ell it is pl.inted, n\- how c.uefully 
it is lostered, it the L;round becomes satnr.ited with illnmiii.itiii;,^ l;.is the tree is 
doeuiied. It ni.iy l)e .issunu-d th.it .i l;.is comp.iny will, in its own interest, endeavor 
to prevent ,iny le.ik.ij^e in its m.iiiis. Hut the work (rl hndiiiL; .iiid stoppini; a sm.dl 
le.ik ni.iy cost more tli.in the loss of the gas; and it is the sm.ill le.ik, when near ii 
tree, th.it d<ies the mischief. 

A frequent source of injur)' is the unnecessary mutilation of the Larger roots by 
laborers cmployeci in digging the ditches for gas or water mains. In mcist cases this 
can be a\'oided by the exercise of some care and a slight expenditure of time, which 
shoulcl l)e insisted upon by the city .luthorities. 

Let e\-ery citizen who finds enjoyment in well-shaded streets make an effort to 
procure the [i.iss.ige of .i city ordinance |)lacing the entire control of the trees of his 
tow n in the li.inds of .i t ree-pl.intine, society, or the p. irk dep.irt meiit . or some s|)eci.il 
commission, .uid use his inllneuce, ,ilso. to see th.it .imple funds ,ire .innu.ilK' .ipprcj- 
pri.ited by the nuinicip.il or vill.ige governiiuait to c.irry on the work. 



SKVKXril KKPOKT (_)F TilK It.iKKST, HSU AND (,AMK ( ( ).\l M l.-^SK i \. 



Leoislation. 



John [■".\elyn said that men seldom plant trees till thej- bet^in tn be wise; and so 
it may be well to note what the wise men in the Lei^islatures of various States have 
decreed as to tree planting; on streets and hiL,diways. The lIi,L;liwa\- L.iw of New 
York has already been (juoted. In other States the laws lelatini; to tree [ilantini; 
are in part as follows: 

Massachusetts. 

Chapter 196, Laws of 1890. Section 1. The ma\-or and aldermen of cities and 
selectmen of towns are authorized to desit^nate ,iiul presei\-e trees in hiL;h\va\-s for 
ornament and shade, not less than one tree in every thirty-three feel and of one inch 
or moi'e. 

Sec. J. I'rovitles for markin;^ the trees selected. 

Sec. 3. Provides that wh(je\er injures, delaces or tlcstroys any designated tree 
shall ftirleit not less than five nor more th.m i>ne hundretl dullars. 

Chap. 330, Laws of iSi/^, Sec. I. I'',\ ery town sh.ill .it its .iniuial meeting for the 
election of town officers elect .1 tree \\,ir(.leii, who sh.ill ser\e for one }'ear ,ind until 
his successor is elected and (pi,dihei.l. lie ma)' a[>point such number of deput\- tree 
wardens as lie deems expedient, .md ma_\' ,it any time remove them from office. He 
.uul his deputies sh.ill receive such comi)ens,ition for their services .is the town m.iy 
determine, and, in di-f.iult of such deterniin.Uioii, ,is the selectmen m.i_\' prescribe. 
He shall h,i\e the care .ind control of ,ill the public sh.ule trees in the town, except 
those in public [Kirks or open [jlaces uiuler the jurisdiction of Park Commissioners, 
and of these also he shall t.ike the care ami control if so re<]uesteel in writing b\- the 
Park Commissioners, lie shall expend .ill fuiuls aijpropri.ited tnv the setting out 
<ind m.iintenance of such trees. He m.i_\- prescribe such regulations for the c.ire and 
preservation of such trees, enforced by suitable fines, not exceeding twenty dollars 
in any one case, as he 111, ly ileem just and ex[5edient ; ami such regulati(uis, when 
approved by the selectmen and postetl in two (jr more public i)l.ices in the town, 
shall have the force and effect of town by-laws. It shall be his duty to enforce all 
provisions of law for the preservation of such trees. 

.Sec. 2. Towns may a[)[)r<.)pri,ite annually a sum ()f money not exceeding in the 
aggregate fifty cents for each rat.ible poll in the preceding _\-ear, to I)e e.\pende<.l by 
the tree warden in planting shade trees in the public ways; or, if he ileems it 
expedient, uixm ailjoining l.md, at a distance not exceeding twenty feet from said 
public w.i_\'s, for tlu' purpose of sh.iding or ornamenting the same; f^rovidid, fiozLUTrr, 
that the written consent of the owner of such land shall first be obtained. All 



•|ki:i. n.A\ll\(. ii\ MKI-.KIS AMI llli.llW A\ s. 



sli.uU- ti'ccs witliin the liniil>- .if ,in\- piililic way shall lir (iccincil public shade 
trees. 

Sec. V Wlinexer, oilier than a free wanleti or his ilepiit\-, desires the cutting or 
!'eiilci\-al. in whole or in pait, of aii\' public shade tiee, may appl_\' to the tree waidell, 
who shall i;i\e a public he,u-in- upon the application at some suitable time .ind place, 
after duly postiiiL; notices of the heai'iiiL; in two or moie public places in the town 
,ind also upon the said tree; /Ter'/Viv/, //r'a'crvv, that the waiden may, il he deems 
it expedient, L^rant permission foi- such cuttiuL; oi- remo\Ml. v\ithout calliiv^ .i hearing; 
if the tree in questiiui is on .l public w.i\' outsiiie ot the residential part of the town, 
the limits of such resulenti.d p,nt to be deternnued b_\- the selectmen. \o tre-e 
within such resulential pail shall be cut by the tree w'.irde n, except to trim it, or 
removed by hiin without ,i hearing; as cd'oresaid ; Ijut in all c.ises the decision ot the 
tree warden sh.dl be f.nal. 

Sec. 4. Towns ma\- ,mnuall\- raise and appropri.ite such sum ot money ,is they 
deem necessar\', to be ex|)euiled under tin.' clirection o| the tree w.irdeii in exterini- 
n.itini; insect pests within the limits of their public ways ,ind pi. ices, ,ind in the 
remowd from said public w.iys .md pi. tees of all trees .md other pl.mts u|)ou which 
such pests n.itLU-.dl_\- Ijreed ; />;•<',-•/</,(/, //criVT'iV, th.it when An ownei' oi- lessee ot re.il 
est.i.te sh.ill, to the s.itisf.ictiou of the tree warden, ,1111111. dl\- exterminate .ill insect 
[lests upon the trees ,uid other pl.mts, witliin the limits of .in\- public w.iy or pi, ice 
• ibuttini;- on said re.il est.ite, such trees .md plants si;. ill be exempt from the provi- 
sions of this section. 

Sec. 5. \\'h<ie\er .ilTixes to .uiy tree in a public w.iy or place .1 pl,i\- bill. ])icturc. 
announcement, notice, .ulvertisement or other thini;-, whether in writing; or other- 
wise, or cuts, iKiint- or m.irks such tree, except for the purpose of |irotectin;4 it ,ind 
under a written permit from the tree warden, sh.ill be punisheil by .i fine not exceetl- 
ini; t"ift_\' doll, us for e.ich otiense. 

Sec. 6. Wdioever w.mtoiily in jures. def.ices, bre.iks or destroys ,111 orn.iment.il or 
shade tree within the limits of ,iny public w,i_\- or pi, ice- sh.ill forfeit not Kss th.in 
five nor more th.ui one hundred dolhirs, to be reco\ered by compl.iint, onedi.ilf to 
the complainant and the other h.ilf to the use of the town. 

Sec. ;. Whoever neL,diL,'entl_\- <u- c.irclessly suffers a horse or beast driven by (ir 
for him, or a beast beloni^MnL,' to him .md lawfully in ,1 public w.iy <u- pi, ice. to break 
down, injure or destroy a sh.ide or ornamental tree within the limits ot said public 
way or place, or whoever ne;j;lii;entl>- or willfully b>- .my other me.ms breaks down, 
injures or destroys any such tree, sh.ill be li.ible to the peii.dties prescribid m the 
foretfoiiiij section, .md shall in .iddition be li.ible for .ill d.im.i-es ciused thereby. 



34 si:\K\ni i;i,i'iM<r m iiii; inki.sr, iisii anh (,ami, ihmmissiox. 

New Hamishike. 

Clia[i. i)S, Laws !i)i_iJ. Sec. I. M.iycirs uf cities and selectmen nf towns shall 
appiiint nne or nmre tiee w.iiclens tn be [kiiiI as the niax'or or selectmen direct. 

Sec. 2. Towns and cities shall control all the sh.iile <uul ornamental trees in the 
public ways which the warden deems I'easonably necessar\-. The w.irden shall mark 
all such trees. 

Sec. V It an\- such trees prove to he private property the warden shall acquire 
them if it is possible to do so at a fail' pi'ice. It un.djle to ayree on price the}' may 
be aLipnred as pi'ovided bir acipiiiin;^ l.uid lor hi^jhway. 

Sec. 4. Appropri.Uions ma\' be m.ule not exceeding;' fitt\' cents for each ratable 
p(ill to be used for planting;' and cuini;' loi- such trees. 

.Si-c. 5. Provides tor cutting; trees upon consent i.if w.irden. 

.Sec. (>. rrohib.its ilet.icement e\"ce[)t on consent of warilen. 

Sec. 7. I'rohibits owners of bind from burning brush near trees. 

Sec. S. l'ro\ides penalties for violations. 

CoNXKCTIci;'!'. 

('hap. J44, Laws U)02. Bount\'. — l'".\ery person l1lantinL,^ protectiiiLj and culti- 
vating; elm, maple, tulip, .'-.h, b.isswood, o.ds, bl.ick walnut, liickor_\-, .i|j[)le, peai', i>v 
cherr\- ti'ees not more th.m sixt_\' feet .ijiart .ilonc; any hiLjhw.iy, to be paitl ten cents 
f(U' each tree, but not for more th.in ti\e \'ears. 

Tn-e W'.ii-deiis. - I''.,ich town m.i_\- select .1 tiee w.irden who may appoint deputies 
who are to be p.iid as the town m.i_\' [irescriljc. lie is to have control of all public 
shade trees in town except in parks untler Commissioners. Me may make rules for 
the care .mtl presersMtimi of such trees, to be enf<jrced by fines not to exceed 
t\\ent\' doll.irs in e.ich cise. Such rides when approved by the town offici.ds and 
posted have the force of town b_\-d.iws. 

Planting; Shatle Trees. — Towns may appropriate sums not exceeding fifty cents 
for e.ich rat.ible i)oll, to be e.xpentled l)y the tree wartlen in pl.inting trees in the 
pidilic wa\-s, no trees to be planted without the consent of tUe adjoining owner. 
All transplanted trees and all other tree.s over si.x inches in circumference to be 
deemed public shade trees. 

Removal of .Shade Trees. — Provision is made for the removal of shade trees, 
with the consent of the tree warden, and for the destruction of insect pests. Persons 
injuring shade trees b\- cutting, painting, advertising on, etc., witlniut the consent of 
the tree warden, shall be fined not exceeding fifty doll.irs. Lver_\- person w illfull\- 
injuring a shade tree in a public place shall be fined not to exceed one luintlred 
dollars. 




[|. sst !■ , ,111 

((iMMiiN AMKRUAX CHI^INri. 




HIlRSK CHI> I Nl' r. 





HARDY LA I AIJ'A. 



VHITK ASH. 



STULlllis IN TKKl-: HABIT, 





SI [v n. 



H(iXK\ i.nrrsr. 



KKli ciAK. 








E-J^SIW*;- 



NciKW \^ M M'l.K. 



« H I 1 I. \1 Al'l.l:;. 



Sirill|-> IN llvll- IIAIUI', 



IKI'.I-: l'I.A\ri\i, ii\ Mkl-.l-.IS .\\l' II K.IIW A\ s. 



35 



I'F.\\S\ 1 \ WIA. 

('hap. 27;, Laws i()Oi. S.cc. 1. llic 1)uil;iss and cnnncil nl any l)nrnuL;h ujniii 
pctiticni <if a niajdiitx- nl llu |)i(ipcit\- ll\\nL■l•^ (in any |hi1)Iu sticct may lay urdi- 
nancc icijuirr tlu- plantini;' nf sliadi' tiX'cs, ,ind mi lailuic ol the nwaicrs, after notice, 
to plant, nia\- canse the plantiiiL; tn he (hnie and eollect the same finni the adjoininc; 
pi'(ipert\' owners. 

(_ hap. V-'*'. l-aws l()i)i. Sec. 1. .\n\' pi rscni li.dih; t<i road tax \v1m shall trans- 
plant In side 111 Kiad <in his . n\ n ]iieniises any Iriiit, sh.ule cir I. nest ti'ee's dl snit.ible 
si/.e shall be .dhiwed nn i.i.ul t.ix nlle dollar for every two trees set mit. No row of 
elms to be placed nearer ap.irt th.m se\-enty teet ; .iiid no row o| maples oi' other 
forest trees nearer than fifty feet, except locust and Caiolin.i popl.ir, w Inch may be 
tllirty feet, and except fiuit trees may Lie set fort\' feet ; ,m<l ,dl must l)e livini; anJ 
protectei_l from anini.ds. 

Sec. 2. .Any tree L;rowin;_; natur.ilh' b\' si<_le ol hiL^hw.iys tlirouL;h tiiltivated land 
sliall l:)e .illowed in same ni. inner. 

.Sec. 3. Trees planti;d on hiL;ln\.i\- in place of trees tli.it ii.ive diei_l shall be 
.illowed for as proviiled in lirst section. 

Sec. 4. No person to Ije allowed more than (pi. liter of his .iiinual road t.ix. 

Sec. 5. /\ny pers(ni who cuts or injni\-s ,uiy li\e tree planted or ;.^rowiii!j; natu- 
r.ilh' .IS aforesaid, or suffers ,iu .inim.il of his to injure such ,1 tre(.\ sh.ill p.iy ,1 peiialt}' 
of from one dollar to ti\e doll.irs, or he may plant and maintain another tree in place 
of the one cut ur injured. 

Ni-'.w Jkrsi-:v. 

C'h.i]). J.S5, L.iws iSij:;. Sec. I. I'rovides that there m.iy be appointed in .ill 
municipalities a Commission of three freehoUlers without coni|ieiis.it ion. w ho shall 
h.ive control and power to pl.mt and care f(U- sluule trees on any ol the public 
hi.L,diways. 

Sec. 3. Notice must be ^^iven when pl.iiUins^ is contemplated, sjiecitv'inL;' strcct.s, 
etc., and must be published in pa[iers. 

Sec. 4. The cost of plantiiiij. including laniards around the trees, to be borne by 
the adjoining real estate. The same is a lien thereon and ni.iy be collected with the 
taxes. 

Sec. 5. Cost of m.iintenance after planting is to be borne by municipality. 

Chap. 162, Laws iX(/). Sec. i. Makes it unlawful to hitch or tie animals to 
trees adjoining an\- highw.iy. .Inim.ils must not be left un.ittended near ,iny such 
tree. 

Sec. J. Proviiles for [leiialties. 



:;6 ShVENTll KKl'OKI OF IllL lUKhSI, HSU AN'H (;AME COMMISSION. 



Ohio. 

Statutes. Sec. 2}0~. I'liuidcs that up m jK-titimi <if incirc tliail two-thirds of the 
ownership in feet on streets <if cities of the second class and villaL;es the council may 
pro\'ide 1)\- ordin.ince for plantiuL;' <ind t.ddnL,' care of shade trees. 

Sec. 2 ^OS. I'ro\ides that the indiii.mce may de-NiL;iiate two of the petitioners to 
act without pay. who with the coriior.ition enLi;iiieer shall C(nistitute a Boaid who 
ma_\' plant and care for the shade trees. Term ot office, three years. 

MiNNKSOIA. 

Chap. 24'-,. T.aws 1S95. Sec. 2. The Park rommissioiiers of each city are 
em])oweied to I'eLiuhite the i)l,intin;^- and pieser\-,it ion o| shade trees in the streets 
,ind public L;i<innds. No shade tree shall be destroyed except Ijy leave o| the 
("omniissii uieis. Ihe Coinmissioneis may by oidinances pro\'ide for the enlorce- 
ment of this section, and tix penalties lor a violation ol the s.inie. 

.Sec. V I'pon petition uf a majority in number ot the owners of real estate 
.ibuttin- any stieet asking; f<ir the [ilantinL; of trees, the Commissioners may plant 
suitable sh.ide trees ahmi; any part of such street. 

.Sec. 4. Provides for .issessini; the Cost of such tree plantiiii; ,ind maintenance 
for thiee \ears, on the owners of property benefited. 

.Sec. 5. Provides that the .issessment must not exceed tlft\- cents per fipot on 
,iiiy land benefited, and that trees that die must be replaced without further 
assessment. 

Chap. 171, Laws 1S09. Provitles f.ir tree plantini;- in cities of more than 50,000 

jieople. 

C Al.Ilt >KXIA. 

Chap. 140, L.iws iSijv ^cc. i. All i)ublic streets may be pl.mted with shade 
trees ,ilon<; the sidewalks by order of the Cit_\' C'ouncils. 

Sec. 2. Provides method of jiiocedure in passni- resolntiiui lor pkintiiiL,' trees. 

.Sec. 3. Provides for hearins^s by owners of l.md adjomm;,; stieets to be planted, 
and that the choice of trees to be planted shall be ^.iverned by request of majority 
of t)wners of frontage. 

Sec. 5. Provides for furnishing trees, and for planting under a contract which 
shall provide for care and maintenance tor three years. 

Sec. 7. Provides that all the work must be done under the direction of the 
superintendent of streets. 

Sec. 9. Requires that the cost of street tree pkmting sliall be assessed on the 
atljoiniiig land. 



I Kl.l^ I'lANIIM, i)\ MKI.IIS .\\|) II li.llW AN S. 3- 

Sec. I J. I'liix'idcs f(ir i-L-p',,Lrin;_; dr. iil trees aftei- tln'ee \-e,irs. 

.See. I :;. l'i'(i\iiles lh.it the ,k t sll.ill .qipK' tu mkIi iiui l\iei|i,ililics ,is sli.ill vote 
ti> ciiiiie within it-i |)i'( i\']Mi Ills. 

1m ' iuiha. 

Ch.ip. 74, l.aws ii)i)i. .-iec. I. I he ( i)iiiU\' ( c mimissicincrs ;ire enipnwered to 
iiiipi'iixe In' sli.idiivj; the pulilic rn.hK ,iiid h i l; h wMX's 111 tlieii' respeetixc cnuiitie^. 

.See. J. It is the (hit\' ol s.iid ( miii in i^simiuis up'Mi petitimi nt ,i m.ijmity <'l (he 
freehiiKlers .ih mil; ,in\' piililie rn.nl t'> iiiipr'He tin- s.inie l)\- phiiUiii;^ snit.ihh/ sli.nh- 
trees dil such ]),irt as is meiitinned in the petitinii, the work [n lie dnne in reL;nlar 
Didei .i\M\ at pri iper seas( ni. 

.See'. 5. I'i'ii\ides that iipnn petitimi i>\ hind nwiiers the ( 'nnimissii niers sh.ill set 
--h.ide ti'eL's iint h's^ th.in tlliee nm' nii>re than six iIU'ile■^ in di.inieter. .iiid mil less 
tli.m tell leet hi:-;h. .it .1 dist.iiKe nl mie eii;hth nnh' .ip.irt .md hlteeii leet li.ick li'uni 
tJK' center nf the I'nad (ni i.'ach side III two parallel line's as iiuirkcrs to L;uiele the 
settillL;' ol reniaininL; trees. 

Sec. 4. i'i'o\'ides that aft^'i' niarkers and ;^uides are set as per .Sec. ^,. the C'oni- 
luissioiiers sh.ill piirch.ise suit.ible tiees ,iik1 c.iiise them to he set b\' Contract, not 
less til, in ninet\' leet nor more th.in one hiindied ,ind ten leet ,ip,ii't, to he pi, iced sn ,is 
to ,ilt(.'niate with trees 011 oj.iposite siih' ol ro.id. Trees ,,i'e not to he p.iid lor until 
they h,i\e j.iiit 011 siilTicieiU L^rowth to insure Coiitnuied life; not more th.ui twenty- 
hve cents sli,ill he p,iid per trei.'. The trees must he pu rcll.ised from free holders 
and t,c\p.i\'ei's, ,ind not nmre tli.in ten dolhirs sli.ill lie ji.iid to ,in\' one in one year. 

-Sec. 5. I'l'ox ides lor p.u'iiiL;' the expense ol phiiitin',; out o| the ro.ul t,ix liind. 

Ch.ip. I :■ I , L.iws ii)Oi. .Sec. I. Provides th.it it sh.ill he unhiwfiil for , my person 
to cut aiu' s|i,ide tree within hfteeii feet from center ol ro,id lied without permission 
1 10m proper authorit\'. 

.Sec. :;. I'rovide^ th.it au olfeiuler sh.dl be lined not less than t"i\'e dollars nor 
more than tw eiUx'-five dollars. 



It is evident from the foret^oinij I'Xtracts th.it the absence ol shade trees on our 
sti'e^'ts ,ind hiL;hw.i\"s is not due to ,in\' lack o| leL^isl.it i\'e pro\ision lor their installa- 
tion, care, and ni.iinteii.mce. .\11 that is needeil now is .1 stinuilatieiii ol public interest 
in this subject. Idiis c.in lie best accomplished li\' the oi'L^f.ini/.ation e\'erywhere ol 
tree phintiiiL; societies. \ill,e.^e improvement le-.iL^ues. outdoor ,irt associ.itions or any 
moxemeiit which, throuL;h combined, iiit ellic;eiit elTort, will li.ivi' .111 opportunity to 
assert itsell and attain the desired bi-neticeiit results. 



Acitamn Foliacjc. 



Ill the selection of siiccics fnr street aiul liiL(li\v,iy plantiii!^ some consitleration 
sliriviUl be i^iveii to the colors which tlu- le,i\-es will ili^pKiy in the fall months, a 
matter as import, int as that of tree haliit or L;iMcetul outline. Although a jnirel)' 
esthetic one its inijioitance lias been uryeil at times b\- scientists as well as writers 
on W'oodlani.l scenei'v. We hail with pleasure the L;"re(.-ii foli.ij^e of each leturnint; 
spring, but delitiht none the less in the biilliant di^plax- made b\- the painted leaves 
ill autumn, and, so, when we come to cliocjse our ti'ees f(U' pl.intiiiL^, ex'erx-tliiiiL; 
else beiiii;' equal, wh\- nut :J,i\"e a prefeixaice to the species which aff(n'd a pleasing; 
aspect in both sprini; and f.dl. 

In consideriiiL;- this <picstion it is well to remember that, while certain species 
t^enerally show the same color each lall, thi.re is apt to lie some variation in 
this respect. ( )ccasionally some indi\idu,d will exhibit an entireh' different tint 
from the pievailiii!.^ one ot that species, while Irequeiith' sexeral tints, and at times 
two or more distinct colors, will be found on the same tree. File Rei.1 Maple is 
noted for the scarlet hue of its leaves in eaily fall; but here and there a tree 
of this species will displ,i\" a yellow foli.ij_;e at that season. Then, aL;ain, the other 
Soft Maple, the White or .SiKer Maple, which i;eiu-rally turns yellow, will in some 
places present a sini;le tiee with leaves sliowiiiL;" .a rt-d color to coiisidei'able extent. 

Most of our ( ).d^s ,ire a brilliant red or scarlet in ( )ctol)er, Ijut some of them 
change each .lutninn troin Ljreen to rirsset without the n.su.d inteiaiietliate bright 
tints that geiur.dK' precede the russet. J he I lard. I'V .Sugar M.iple, cannot be classi- 
fied under an\' one particular color, Icir it not onl\' displa\s \-.arious mies cui the same 
tree, but green, \ellow. and reil ,ire often touiul on the same leaf. The le.ix'es on 
some species, the W hite ,\sh for instance, shi>w thi'ee or four successive tints iluring 
their transition, passing from x'ellow to a be.iulitid sh.idt; o| brown. ( )ii senile trees, 
noticeabh' the Red Maple, a single branch will assume a brilliant color, geiieralh" rr>\ 
in August, while the rest of the foliage is still grei.ai. This may be attributeil to 
some lack of vitalitv' in the particular br.iuch thus .dfected. 

It has l)een ol)ser\e;.l that when a tree show's a distinctive spiort of this kiml the 
peculi.u'itx' is a jiersisteiit inie, .iiid its recurrence mav be looked tor each vear. If a 
Red Ma]jle displays one higlih' coloi'ed ijianch in L-.irh' August, while all the rest of 
its foliage is green, it may be depended ajion to exhibit the s.uiil- i)henonienon next 
season. The W hite Maple, as a rule, has \'ellow leaves in .lutnmn ; but if some one 
tree of this sjiecies shows ,\ mixture of red and vellow in its leaves it will suri'ly do 
the s.ime thr(iugli e.ich successive \'ear (In some ( ),iks the le.ives, instead ot turn- 




HARD MAPLE 

-t NATURAL SIZE 




RED OAK 

i NATURAL S.Z E 




'^mk 



S-^ip 




CHESTNUT 
i" NATU RAL Size 




WHITE MAPLE 

i: NATURAL S.ZE 




SASSAFRAS 
"i" N AT URAL Size 




PEPPERIDGE 



5 rj AT URAL Size 







< i 
\- - 




a 
< 

o 
< 



Q 
O 
O 



O 
Q 




X 

o 



o 



rKi;i: i'i..\\riM. nx sikkkis ami iiii.iiw a\ s. 



39 



Jul; rcil. cli.in;j;\' limii L;ii'rii ti' yrllnw (ir nissct ; l)iit. \\li.iti'\-ci- tlir peciili.uit)' in this 
rcspi'Ct, ckIi iii(li\ kIii.lI will ict.iiii it in .1 ni.irkcil ilci^rcc \'r,ir attcr \'c,ir. The [)cr- 
sistL-nc\' iif this .ihin I'ln.il x.iriathm in clur h.is liirn 1 ihscrwd socittcn tliat the 
I tMsniialilc sULim'stinn is iiiaiK' that In at iiiilt urist s and nnrsi-rxaiu-n niiL;ht In- able, 
by nsiii'j; enttiiiL'S nv grafts Ir.aii tiers or Iiranehes that e-xhihit .1 emisLmt enhir, to 
|)ri)[ia;4ate trees df desiialile auliiiiiii lints .mi] furnish stmk tn iheir eustnniers, war- 
ranted til dis|)la\' ei rtain attiaeti\c leataies in this res|i(_'et. I'he I'lirpk- oi" Copper 
lieeeh, used sn extensive 1\- in lawn plantiiiL;, was pi( ipaijated in this way troni a 
sinL;le tree, wliieh shnwi'd an .ilnn iiin.il (dlur in its h iliaye."' 

There seems (■> be a ])iipiilai' iinpies-^n m that the period in whieh onr forests (lis- 
phi\' tlieir autninn.il beantx' i-^ nl biiel dniatidn, A little thoiiL^ht and obserwitii m 
will show th.it this is liardK' the case. l'i\- the tust of AiiL^ust, t hron^hi mt New 
l".nL;l,ind and the Middle St.ites, ni.uu' nf onr soft m.iples displ,i\- tlieir scarlet 
stand, iiaK nf ,ippi-o,ichinL; l.dl ; in .SepteniL)er the biresls mi mir iiKiiint.iin slo|)es 
,ind npLunl pKitcans ,iie .it their best; in ()ctiibei' the wdndhinds .ihniL; our v.dleys, 
• ind the trees th.it line our \ill,it;e streets, present their must brilli,iiit ellects ; and 
e\'en in Xo\-ember tin; pii'sisteiit russet le.ieesnf the o.iks ,ire still in ple.isiiiL; e\'i- 
dence, while here ,ind there mi smile l.iti- ni.itnriiiL; trees ma)' be seen ,1 f,iiiit L;iow 
betittiiiLJ this twiliiiht se.isoii dt tlu- \'e.ir. Ilins we h.uc tmir nionths in which tn 
stud\' this ple.ising exhibition nf X.itnre, ,1 perind ne.iiK' .is Ioiil; as th.it in which 
the \ern,il foli,iye ret.iins its nnifmiiiit\- nf ;j;reen. It would seem, lic)wa.'\er, that 
the .iniiual recurrence ot this l,i\ish displ,i\- is nut .ippreci.iteil ,is it should be, that 
little .ittentimi is p,iid tn it asiile trmii the lew who delit;lit in N.iture study. 
1 lime. HI \er\- justl\- rem. irks th.it " ll such ,1 pheiKalleiimi occurred but once it 
would be handed down l)_\- tr.iditioii to pustenty, and get into the mytholi:)gy at 
last." 

Like the procession (jf the seasons the v.irioiis tree species assume their autumn 
g.iib in .1 regukir order. 1 11 smile hic.dities it ni.iy be e.irly m' kite; l)nt, then, our 
spring or fall does iint .ilw.ix's ,irri\e in .iccm'd.mce with tlu: .dm.m.ic. Here and 
there indivicUud trees ni.iv be slow in donning their g.i\' h\'ery ; and there are s[)ots 
where winter lingers, though .ill .irmiiid the kind is w.iini with returning siiring. 

To gi\e the exact order in which the trei.'s turn ci ilor w mild recpiire too many 
exceptions ,ind e.xplan, it ions. As the m.ituring of the foli.ige occupiies a period ot 



*" Most wf tlie piirplr l)i'oilu-, muv in cull i\ .11 imi art- jinilial)!)' iK-rivnl fnuii :i tri'f nf tliix \ariety, 
ilisrovf reil in tin- ln^l i r'll iii v in I In: I I an li-i I it I'' n its I. iirar S. Hi'lrrsliaiisi-n , in riiii ri iii;i.i . » liirli is sii]). 
]iiisimI 1,1 lie aliwiU 0\ ■! liiiii.li-cii vr.irv ..M, am! is si ill [ilivf." I I'o.f. I ha I Irs S. Sart;cnl. Silva .if XmiiIi 
.XnicriLa, \i.l. IX, |i. .'4.) Sec, als.i, " I'lu' <Iiil;ui u( tin- riii|i|r lli.-i,-cli." (.ai.lcii ami l-orL-st, \'ll, 2. 



40 



m;\'i.\[ii Ki.i'Dkr i>y rm-; fokesi, i-isii wn cami: iomm issn >x. 



about three months tlie species may he dix-idcd intu three L;rniips showing;" their 
Older in this resjieel, .ilthou^h nn L^rmip can l>e assJL^iied with accuracv to any one 
HK-inth. Their successiuii is a])proximately as foHows ; 

Gknip ()xi-, — Thk Eaki.ikst. 

Red Maples, White F,lm, Sumach., Velh>w Lucust. Smir Gum. Horse Chestnut , 
White Maple. \'ello\\' liirch. Hickories, Tulip 'I'ree, Sassafr.is, J-iutternut, Hhick W.d- 
nut. Cucumi^er Tree, Kentucky Coffee Tree. 

CiKdl'l' Twn — Till-: IXTERMEIUATK. 

Hard nr SuLjar Maple. Sweet Cum. Chestnut. \'elhi\\' WikuJ. Reel ( )ak, Pin Oak, 
Reech, White liirch, lilack' liirch. Aspens, White Ash, Hop Hornbeam, Hlue Beech. 
Carolin.i I'oplar, iiasswooil. Black Ash. 

Griii:]' Thkkk — Tiik Latf.st. 

.Scarlet ( )ak-. 1 )(ii4wood. llone\' Locust, Lond).ird\- I'opl.ir. White ( >;ik, L.irch, 
Black Cheny. .Sycamore, Sycuiiore M.iple, Norway Maple, jAilanthus, Dutch laiideii, 
(jinkLjo, Willows, EuLjlish T-lm. 

It would, undoubtedly, be interestinL; to state here the month and, approxi- 
mateh', the (.l.i\ of the month on which each species niii,dit be expected to displa\- 
its I'ipened hues. This miL;ht not bi' so \ery dilticult as re^jarils an\' [larticul.ir 
locdit)-; for ciuitinued obsei'v.itions of indix'idual trees show th.it they v.iry but a 
few d,i\s e.ich \'ear, both in the xeiiial unfoldiuL; ,ind the .lutumn.d ri|)eniny; of the 
le.ives. But. as the time of the process \-aries L;a'e,itly with l.ititude and situ.ition, 
no ijne schedule- of dates would fult'dl the purpose; <ind so each student must C(Ui- 
stiuct his almanac in accoialance with the d.ites noted in his own \'icinit\'. If a 
peison who keeps ,i diar\' faithfulK' will note in s[)iinL; the tlrst il.iy on which each 
species m.iy Ije said to be in k.d". and in f.dl when these same trees ha\'e fairly 
chauL^ed cc)loi-, such meniorand.i will proxx- wiluable for luture lelerence. I'nv many 
years the writer has thus timed the late .uul early sprin^js by a clock of the seasons 
constructed from just such notes.'''' 

.■\lthouL;h, as iii'e\iousl\- shown, some species may exhibit two or rnore colors, 
there are certain iii'ex.iihnL; tints whiih m.i\' be lookeil for in connection with each. 

* " Till' 1 1 lii^t onus I .innarus. in the iiio^t cai-nu^l iii.ni nui , cxhoiti-Ml his i i ui lU lyiiu-n lo (■iV)st'r\-f u'itii 
all tare ami .1 il i^L-iue al wlial liiiic cacli tret- r\|iaiiiU a-- lnuU ami uiifiiM-- il^ It-avcs; ima_L;iniiig. and 
mil withiiut rcas.in, thai his cuunlry vvuuld. siuiu- time (ir ntliL-r, reap s.inn- new ami iierhap^ niiex- 
peelcd lieneht from nhservations of this kind made in different places," [Harold Barek. Foliation 
o( I'recs. Amaen. .\ead. Vol. HI | 



rki:K I'LANTING UN SIKKI-yiS AM) IIK.IIWANS. 



41 



Observers may diffei' sonic as tn tlie shades noted, and it must be conceded that no 
classification c.in lie made that will be .dDSolutely comprehensive and correct. The 
foilywinLC schedule is submitted as tentatix'e rather than final ; 



Prcvailiiirj Colors. 



/'//;•(■ )\•//o:^'. Tulip Tree, \'ellow and Canoe Ih.xlies, White Maple, Yellow 
l.ocust. Honey Locust, \'ellow W'oikI, Norway and Sycamore Maples, Heech, Wil- 
low, Cucumber, y\ilantluis. 

)'(7/(':e Oiliri-. Larch, ]'o|)lar. Aspen. 

Lriiici! )'(7/('ri'. Ilickoi'ies. lU.ick \\ .ilnut. 

Dull lV//('re. Wliite Llm, Chestnut, White liiich, Hasswood, liutternut, Catalpa, 
Cotton wi.iod, Ihir ( )ak. 

I'aiulykc /h-o:^<i/, .Syc.imoi-e or linttonwooti. 

OrdiiiiY. I'Kick' liircli, lloise ('hestnut, Ginkijo. 

AV(/. .Scarlet ( )ak, .Sumach, I )ol;\voo(1. Hornbeam. 

Si'trr/i'/. ( fiiiixoii niiii W'llo:^'. Red ALiple, 

/v(//, Vclli'w irii:l ( i iwii. 11,11(1 Maple, .Sassafras. 

SLiirlct, Critiisoii and riirf^lc. Sour Gum. 

I'lirf/is/i K,;i. \lvi\ ( ),dc. 

Ki,/ ,711,/ Kiis.sr/. likick ( )ak. White Oak. 

A'((/, ]',-//i>:i' i7/t,/ /.'riK^'//. Sweet (ium. 

/>'/-<'re//, /'//;•/'/(■ <>//,/ S,i////i>it. White i\s!i. 

J\<r:i' I'litbir. .Send.) ( ),ik. 



rile Collector of specimens will lind it difficult to secure perfect leaves of a 
straiL(ht color, ones in which the entire surface has tiirneil to ,1 uniform sli.ide. 
There is apt to be some sni.ill ,ire,i of t^n'een, s[)ots of uneven color, o|- ilef.icement of 
the surface. A cai'eful se.irch will occ.ision.dU' revcil .111 unbroken K-.if of pure 
unstained yellow; but the reds .ilniost in v,iri.d)l_\' ict.iin soiiie of the orit;in,d tureen, 
or ,ire Lineven in ci ilor. 

In notiiiL; the colors .issunied bv \Mii<uis s[)ecies the obser\'i'r slnudd m,d<e a close 
tli^tinctioii between ripe .md de.id le,i\es. There is lioth .1 ripenin;^; .md decaxiilL; 
pi'ocess in le.ives as well as fiiiit. 1 lu; lipeuin;^' sta;j;e proceeds until ,1 separating 
tissue or tiliii forms between the pi.tiole .md the twi;^, .md then, the supph' of nour- 
ishment h.iviiiL;" Ijeen cut off, the k-.if dies ,mil f.ills. The \-ellow ones soon f.ide or 
tuin brown after the\' drop; the reil ones let.uii their coloi' Ioniser, .md when prop- 



42 



si;\i£\rH Ri.roRr di- iuk forks r, i-isii and ga.me commission. 



crh' ]5rcssL'd undLT^d little ch.iiiLjc in this respect. A ripe leaf while mi the tree is 
still soft and llexible, whatever its colnr m.i_\- be; a dead one is fatled and sear. Ljen- 
erally cims|) and i)f a dull brnwii. 

l!riL;ht etihjred specimens can be preserved by placincj them immediately between 
sheets iif blottiiii;' |).iper tm which heavy \veiL;hts, bi)iiks, |nr instance, ^lioLdd be 
placed. Mr. Justus W. l'"()lsnni in an article ml " Autumn. d Changes in Lea\-es " 
(Garden and I'rirest, \'(il. \'11I, p. ^S^i.says that the)' are Liest preserved by covering 
them with ,i sheet of [taper, pressing with a hot ii'on u|)on which parcdhne has been 
rubbed, and llattening anil drying between papers aftei'ward. Le.ives thus prepared 
will ret, nil Hexibility and colur for years; but if pressed without i),u',d'fine they will 
siKiu become dull ,ind brittle. 

The coliirs mentioned in connection with the different species are the ones which 
the trees ni.iy be expected to show in autumn. ]5ut on some there will be 
various excei>tion,il tints, especi.dly the M.iples, among which )ii.iy be found indi- 
\'idu.ds be.iring pai'ti-colored le.i\'es, smne of them figured, striped or mottled like 
the wing of <i g.i\' butti-rllx-. The White Ash le.d in ripening p.isses successi\-ely 
from .1 \-ellow to a dark bron/e. \iolet, .ind chocolate brown, while hei'e .uul there a 
le.if will displ.iv .1 lil.ic hue dui'ing this transition. 

Still, the most of our trees slmw mily smile sIkkIc of yellow, ami if we hatl to 
look to them alone the autumn WMuld hise much of its brilli.mt beauty, h'ortu- 
n.itely, the reds ,ind scarlets which ,idil si> much to the glory of our W(_)ods and l,md- 
scapes in September and October, , ire furnished in profusiijn by the larger slindjs 
til, it, in the openings along the country Lines ,uid by the water courses, dispkiy 
their masses (if tl. lining colm'. While yellow is the pi edominating autumn color of 
the trees, red prewiils in the foli.ige nf our shrubs and bushes. 

A c, ireful obsers'er will note th.it much of the .lutumn.il brilli.mcy seen in fiekls 
and on wonded slopes is due t'l lumiliK- species of our minor HmM th.it .lie- seldom 
mentioned in connection with this subject. h^.irly in August the Hobble Hush ilis- 
pkiys its purple h.irbinger of f.ill, while .ilong the ro, ids and w.iste places the Sum.ichs 
slli>w- .1 piofusimi of le.ives tll.it lodk ,is if they li.id been "dipped in blood." H_v 
September the l'ol<e Weed decks the I'dcky hillsides with the fl. lining m.iss of color 
afiiirded b)' fruit .iiid foli.ige ,ind stem. .\ score ot minor species, shrubs ,uul Itriers, 
together with the underh'ing m.iss of humbler weeds ,ind purple grasses, add their 
v.iried hues, until the l.indscipe exhibits .ill the w.irm colors of a Persian rug. 

It is well to remember tli.it some of our poisoiKuis shrubs also ;issume b."ight, 
fascinating colois. The Poison Ivy, clinging to some tree, attr.icts the eye with 
the briUi.int hues nf its le.iflets, crimson, sc.uiet or purijle, while, more dangerous 



IKI-.h, ri.ANIIMi iiN SIKKKTS A M ' 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 W A \ S. 



43 



still, tlic pinnate lc,i\cs cif tin- I'nisdn Sumach entrap the fniLHiN of the unwary w itli 
all the l)nL;"ht(_'sl cnhn's seen in autnmn. llence the tulle'Ctm- nl brii^ht specimen 
lea\es shmild heceime familial' with the apj)earance and ilani^eicius charactir n| these 
shrubs. 

riieix' are some seasons in which the autumnal ciildi'iiiL; '>! the fuliaLje seems 
cspecialh' hi'illi.uit, altlniuL^h it is iliiiilulul if thei'e is as threat a dillerence in this 
respect as miL;ht be inlerred Iruni tlu nftdiear<l rem. irks on this p.irtieul.ir point. 
(Opinions as to the eomp, ir.it i\'e vividness of the tints in .my ye.ir m.iy x.iiy .iccord- 
iuL; to the comlitious under which chance observ, it ious , ire m.ule. II .1 peison jour- 
neys thi'ouL;h ,1 rei^ioii in which, owiuL; to the prev.ilence ol eert.iin species, only the 
N'ellow sh.ides ,ii'e sei.'U, the .ibsence ot the red .ind scirlet tints ni.iv ie.idil\- induce 
the opinion th.it the woods ,ire not .it their lu-st this se.isou ; ,ind, on the other 
h.ind, if the obserwit ions .ire made in pi. ices w heie the ( ).iks, M.iples, .mil (iums 
liL;ht ii[i the woods with tlieii' blaziuL; colors, the n.itur.il conclusion is th.it the trees 
loi >k unusually fine tli.it f.dl. 

The spoitsui.in whose f.ill luintini; is done in the \.ist bride of the ()tt.iwM valley 
will see little aside from \-i_llow on the ti"ees, with no reds i/xcepl on ,in occ.isional 
M,i[)le or clump of Siim.ichs ; while t he tourist, lookiiiL; I I'om his car w indow .it the 
Herksliii'e slopes or .Siiort IlilN of New Jersey would note with ple.isui-e the sc.irlet 
foli.iL^e which the ( )aks .ind \',iiaoiis other species displ.iy .inuiially 1 h i"i nr_;h, ,11 1 those 
l)laces. (/.ireful oliserwitions m.ide e.ich \'e.ir of the m'>iiut,iin sli,|ies in the .Xdii'on- 
d.icks and .\lleL;h.inies show no m. irked diflerence in the .innu.il tintiuL; of the 
forests. There m,i\' be some f.ill in which the m,iliMin;_; le,i\'es seem to show ,1 
brighter color; but if the < ibsei-c.it ion ism.ide.it th'- s.nne place .mil on the s.ime 
recurriiiL; d.ite it would reqiiiieaeritic.il eye and L;iiod memory to distinL;uish the 
alleL;ed \'.iri,ition. 

]t must be remembered, also, th.it these color effects are f.ir more brilli.int ,ind 
impressi\e wlun observed on .1 briLiht, sumu' day .md in .1 ilry. cle.ir ,it niosphere ; 
and that the autumn foli.iL;e loses much of its .ittr.iet u'e .ippear.mce when \iewed 
under cloiuh' skies or with the .lir obscured l_i\' h.i/.e or dampness. ( )ne Ije.iutibil 
effect i_>f the sunliL;ht in enlumciuL; le.if colors m.iy l>e obt.iineil by st.mdiuL; under .1 
Wdiite ( ),ik. or ,in\- tree with red li.-av'es, ,ind lookiiiL; tdU.irds the sun. With the 
tr.insmitted liLjht the le.i\es .e.sume .1 f.ir briL;hter Cdlur ,iiid .1 ddlerent hue th.m in 
retlected li'^ht ; the dull, solid red ch,inL;es into ,1 fiery i_;low or rich wine c>ilor ot 
m.ir\ell(Uis l)e.iiit\-. In the Ihunx p.irk, ne.ir the path on the west siik- of the 
I)e,u-er jioiul. st.mds a laiL^e \\ kite ( ).ik which, on .my l)ii;.dil .ifteriloon in late ( 'cto- 
ber, will .iffoid the \isilor .1 i.;-ood oppiu-tuuity to study this ell.irmin'.; revekit ion ot 



44 



Si;\ KN'lll RKl'Okr I>1- I'UK K)Ki:si, ] ISII AM) GAMK (. i iM M ISSKj N. 



nature. Still, there is a widespread belief that the autumn fuliage is much brighter 
some years than in others, antl it is eoncedeei that this may be true to sume extent. 

In European countries the autumn foli.ege is generalh- inferior in brilliancy and 
pleasiuL,'' effects to th.it in America. There is a lack of retl, and even the )-ello\v 
which predominates so LuLjely there is eluU as comi)ared with that seen in our 
American forests. The Maples and ( )aks are not so conimon, or of so great a 
variety. I'^nrthermore, the American species planted there lose the brightness 
which they display ,it home, and, on the other h.ind, h'.uropean trees grown in 
Americ.i fail to develop the brilli.mt colors of our n.itix'e trees. 

The inferiority of culor so noticeable abroad has been attributeel to a more m(.)ist 
conditiiMi of the atmosphere. This might apjily with good I'eason to the British 
Isles and Netherlands, but h.irdly to SLinn_\- h'l'.ince. or to the South of Europe, 
famed for its clear It.dian skies. A better reason m.iy be found in the " greater 
transp.irencN' of our atiu' isphei'e. and the consecjucnt greater intensit}' of light." 

In his wiirk on .\utumn,d Leaxes,- Mr. h^rancis (ieorge Heath, of L(uidon, 
exhibits a series of twehe colored jdates, in which he shows the tints of leaves col- 
lected by him in autumn frcun wirious leading species in luigland. The di'awings 
are hnel\- executed in Imth form ,ind cnhu'; but, if the leaf tints ha\-e been correctly 
lepriidiiced, their inferioritv to the autumnal foliage in America is .ipparent at a 
glance. A comparison nf the cnhued plates in Mr. Heath's book, with the (lictures 
of autumn le.ues shown in ciniuction with this article, inilicates pkunly that, as to 
I'.ngland .it least, the lea\-es mi .\meric.in trees have colors far more brilliant, and in 
a greater \'ariety. 

The English bot.inist Hunter, in his notes on Evelyn's Silva, describes the .Sep- 
tembei' foli.ige in his \icinit\- as : " Plane Tree, tawny ; ( )ak, _\-ellowish green ; Ha/.el. 
)-elloW ; S)-camore, dirt\- brown ; .M.iple, pale yellijw ; Ash, tine lemon ; I'-lm, or.iiige ; 
llawtlioi'ii, tawn\- yellow; Cherry, red; llnrnbeam, blight yellow." 

H.uing nientii uied the inferior appe.ir.mce i if the .uitiniin foli.ige in Europe, as 
compared with that in certain .\meric.iii latitudes, it slmuld be furthernotedth.it 
this difference apiplies to trees, .iiid th.it it is not wlioUy true of the miiloi' flora. In 
the Alps of Central Europe the sliiaibs ,ind hei'baceous growths above the timber 
line dispLiv lipened ccilors that, in variety .and brilli.inc)', .ire unsurpassed in any 
country. 

The direct influence of sunlight on the development of leaf color is api)arent to 
the most casual obserxei'. The nuter lea\'es on a tree are the first to turn, while a 



*AuluiiiiKil leaver: liy Fr.uicib George HcLith. Luinluii; Smiipson, I.uw & Cci. iSSl. 



TRKl, ri.WllM. UN srUI-.l-.IS A\|i 1 1 l( . 1 1 \V A \ S. 



45 



leaf that is tliiclsly sliaiK/il liy otlicrs is apt In i-cni,iiii L;|-ri_'n until it willu-is Awd ilirs, 
W'lu-i-c a twii; nr hiaiiLJi presses const, iiltly (Hi tin: siii-fai'e of a Iraf the pait thns 
lovered leni.iins ^'een altei' the rest has tni'iKnl \-cllo\\' iir red. If yon cnt \-oni' 
initials lidni tin loil or thick paper aiul paste tllcni on a laiL;e leaf the letters will in 
time he shaipU det'ined in L;reen on a hackL^rnnnd ol yellow ur red. 

Why lea\-es should chailL^e color is as haril to e.vplain or nnderst.md as wlu' the 
li.iir turns Lji'ay. Idle scientists who have written on the suhject admit th.it there is 
much to learn abont the process and its cause. The leaf cells contain rounded 
i;r,innles of L;'reen niatti'r known as chlor, .plu'll, ,i substance — or ini.vture of sub- 
stances to which the pure L^reeii coh.r of ordinary healt h\- leax'cs is du^/. 'i'lie- 
appear. nice of any other color, such as red, yellow or purple, wouhl indicate the 
presence of som,- subst.ince .iccomi-anyiiii; the chloropli\dl ami disyuisini^r its color. 
(tr e\eii replaciii;,; it entirely."' 

rile le.il cells cont.iin, also, x.intlKjphyll, a peculiar yellow luhuinL; matter, which 
rem, mis .ilt^r the decomposition nv absorption of chloro|ili\ll ; .uid erythi ophyll, 
which supplies the yet] lu'crim-.on sh.ides found in m.itured Icives. 

Most ot t he SI. ieiltilic expLin.itii MIS of the cli.iUL^e of color ,tre so technic.d th,it 
they ,ire of little use to the Ljeneral re.ider. The following; e.xtr.ict from ,m ,irticle in 
the />','/iii//i,// (,',!::,//,■ fo: .\pril, I S,S-, entitled, " The .Autumn, il Cdi,in;4es in Maple 
I.e.iws." b\' W . K. Martin and S. ]>. Thoin.is, is instructi\'e .iiid iiiterestiii" : 



" ( 'hlorophyll, m.iiuil.ict iired const, mtly under the iiilli.ieuce of li^ht, is const, mtlv 
uii<lerL;oiii'j; decomposition by the met.iljolism of the cell. L'lider orilm.ir)' coiuli- 
tiiMis, the m.iiuil.ict 111 e ot chlorophyll is suificient to cover u[) its decomposition, ,ind 
the le.it ret.iiiis its L;ieeii color. Lender cert,iiii cli, linked conditions, however, such ,is 
intense liL;ht or diminislied \it,ility. the decomposition of chlorophyll exceeds its 
111, inut.ict lire, ,111(1 x,int hophyll (pmb.ibly one of the pro(_liicts of (h-compositimi ) 
appears. In other \\(irds, x,iiithophyll is liL-inc; formed ,ill the time, but onl\- 
becomes ,ipp,iieiit when the m.iiiuf.ictui e of clilorophxll is checked. Idle condition 
of intense suiili;.;ht L;i\es iis the occ.ision,il summer \'el|owness, while to lowered 
xit.ihty must be .ittribnted the f,iilure of chloroplu'll m,iiuif,ictiii"e in the .uilumn. 
1 his lower \it,ility is brouL;lit .ibout b_\- dirniiuition of li;^dit, lowering of temperature, 
,iiid [jrobably c.uises in the plant itself. Xanthoph_\-ll then stains the chlorophyll 
masses yelhiw, which were bef(.)re stained L;reeii by chlorophvll. Idle red coloration 
is brouL^lit about in a very dit'feieiit w ,iy, as erythroph_\dl is m.muf.ictured in the leaf, 
and st.iins the cell s,ip, IciiviiiL; the clih n-oph\-ll m.isses untouched. Idiis reil color- 
ing m.itter cinnot lie disC(.i\ercd in ,iny of the crude ni,Ui.-ri,ils brought into the 
pi, lilt, (U' in ,iny other jj.irt of the Icives, except sometimes in the phlceum regions 



* Welili's I liLtiuuary of Chc-mistiy, 



46 si-:\"i.\ III Ki:rtii<i in iiii, iinusi, 1 iMi wn i.ami, ( i immissk ix. 

(if tlir ])L-ti(iIfs. W'lu-n the Icif falls ami thr cell sap cx'aporates. and the chliMn- 
pliyll h.Mlics die, the ei'v t h ii iph_\-ll la_\'s hold <if the Cell wall and solid contents and 
st.iins them. In this \\m\' dried lea\'es retain tlu'ir red color. As ei'vllirophyll is 
Soluble in w.iter, liowe\'er, contact with moisture will soon cause the most of it t(j 
disappear." 

i\n I'ji-lish writer, Mr. .\lfied Russell Wallace, notes that cliloro]ihyll is not a 
simple L;reen pi^nieut, hut th.it it re, illy Consists of at ie.ist seven distinct sulist.mces. 
v.irN'inL; in coloi- fi-om blue to \ello\v ,md lUMnL^e; and that they ddter in their 
pi'iiporluuis in the chloropludl of different pl.ints, h,i\-e dilierent chemicd re,icti<uis, 
are dilfereiilK- .dfected \>v li;_;ht, ,ind _L;i\e distinct spectr.i. He su;j;ee^ts the coUec- 
ti\"e name chromoplu 11 .is .i proper one for desiL;ii,it iiiL;' the jiresence ot these vai'ious 
pii_;meuts. 

Kerner and ( )liver in their Xatur.d History of Tlants state that " The cliemical 
CompositUMi of Lolouriii- m, liters is yet little ls-|io\\ ii, ,ind it is jiossihle th.it .it pixseiit 
a whole ^roup of them is collected toL;ether uiulei' the name anthocy.min," ■ ,ind 
that this sulist.mce " .ippears led in the cell s.ip in the p|-esence of acids, blue when 
no acids ,ire present, ,iiul \ lobt when the .iniount of free acids is but sm.ill. it there 
is an abundance of \-ellow Lir, mules to;j;ether with the acidi, red anthoc\',iniii, the 
leaf assumes an (U'.in^e color." 

Mr. lustus \\'.its(ui h'olsom, in an article on "Autumnal Chant;es in T, caves " 
iCi.irdeii and l-'orest, \'ol. \' 1 1 I , p. 392), says: 

" .\ L;reen le.if, (U' an alcoholic extract of one, viewed throuc^h a sjiectrnscope, 
shows a band of liL;ht, or spectrum, which is \-er\- char.icteristic ; its d.irk intervals 
or absoi'ption bands, resembliuL,' those oi no other substance. If, now, we mix 
benzine with our green s.ilution of chlorophyll which we have obtained by so, iking, 
say, elm lea\-es in alcohol, the liiiuiti separ.ites into two layers, the upper of 
/iliiisli-^il'iii'ii benzine, and the lower of r('//(':e .ilcohol. These two solutions give 
different spectra, proving them different substances. Our chlorophyll, then, was 
a mixture of at least two substances, or, more likely, a chemic.il compmiml 
which broke into two of its constituent compounds, tlie yellow i.me being cdled 
xanthophyll. Now, this sejiaratiuii presumably occurs when green leaves turn yel- 
low, as is suggested by a simi)le experiment. If our alcoholic extraction from elm 
leaves has not been kept in darkness and sealed from the oxygen of the air, it has 
rapidly decomposed, turning from green to yellow — that is, the green constituent 
fades away first, gradually revealing the yellow one, which, by the way, some con- 
sider the equivalent of the etiolin that always precedes the first formation of the 
green pigment," 



' !''rom the dret-l^ \\or<ls tiicnniiit: flower ,Ttnl tihie. 



TKl.l': I'L.WllM, ii\ MKIIIS .WH II li.ll W W s. 



4; 



Mr. Jiiscpli W'li.irtciii, in .111 .iiticli-', " OhsiTwit imis u|ii>ii Aiitimmal I- nIi,iL;i' '" 
(Aiin-yniiii J,'iirii,il i>f S, I, II, ,-. \'i'l. 47, p. J^^i, s.ivs ili.it the ili-^liii-uislird l-'rciich 
chemist FrciiU' " srparalcs clil' mi ipliyll, wlicn ilissuKcl in alLnli.il, nitn tun ci ilc ain^- 
niattcrs, by snhiiiitlin;^' il tn a niixtuicnf ctlKT ami clili >i 1 ih yilric ai_ id ; the termer 
t.ikcs ii|> the vi'lL'W matter ( ]ihylh>xantliin I, the hitti.-r the /'///,■ mat Ut I phylh ievanin 1, 
each li(|iiul h.iviiii; (list iiK tly the rr/Zc'i' and the /'///<■ ei il. ir lespeet i\el_\-, whieh ludnL;' 
mixed b\- shalciiiL; ti ii;c-'l her f' n'm a leaf Ljreen. The yelh iw i_ ■ ih aiiiL; matter nf ni;w 
spnuils and of etinlated haves ennt.iins phylh ixanthin, c a|)al)le 1 if hei iil; di-'\'eh iped 
into chh'Kiplull ; in autumnal yelhiw lea\-es the phylh leyanin has been desti'nyed. 
The \-elli'W m.itter, l''iemy supi)i>ses ti> be nune stal)le than the blue." 

Mention is alsnmadem seientil'ie w urks of eluanists wIm succeeded in extract- 
iili^r from ;.4reeii leax'es pi'.^ments ..f wiricuis cdIiu's in the Iniin nf dried, pi iwdery 
sid)stances. 

.\ll these explanatiiins, simplv state<l ami di\-ested nf teclmical phrases, mii^dit 
read snmethinL; like this: The snbst.uice in a li\-e le.il cnut.iins bine .ind yellnw pi._.- 
ments, ,ind, as is well knnwn, these cnlnrs when mixe<l birm L;ieen. Wdien, thrmiL;!) 
failiuL;" vitality the .iclinn nf these piL^nieiits is im l(Uii;er restr, lined by the presence 
nf chlnrnpliyll, their (.nlnrs becnnie apparent. True, im niu' ever s.iw ,1 blue leal ; 
but this cnhir, nndi/r the .ictmn nf the .icii.l reni.iiniiiu; m 1 he cell-s.tp n| the le.d, will 
be stained red. If the \-elhiw subst.ince .ihuie rem.iiiis the le.d will dispkiy th.d 
cnleir: and with acids, maiiLje. If the piL;nieiitar\' subst.mces are alisnrbeil betnrc 
the leaf falls, the brnw 11 w.dls nf the empty cells will ;4i\e it a iiisset tint. This 
explaiiatinn is nnt scienlific, and it may lint be eiit irely accur.ite ; but it is t.iiily 
deducible from the \-,irinus ,\\\k\ varym^;' statements nf the botanists ami chcmist.s 
whn ha\'e made this subject a matter nt scientific research. 



InjluciKC of riwsl'. 



There is a popular impressi(Ui that the .lutnmnal chanee of leaf color is due to 
the action of frost; and that e.uiy frosts conduce to a more vivid tiiUiiv^ ol the 
foliage. This, however, is an error that a little thought and nbservatinn will correct. 
Some of our trees display red and yellow leaves in August, long before cold weather 
comes. The brightest red shown in all our aLitumn foliage is that of a Red Maple 
on which the le.u'es turn color in Aiigusl. 

Conceiiing th.it the intensity of color differs with the seasons, it may be said 
th,u the most brilli.mt coloring of our forests occurs wdieii .1 rainy summer is 
followed by .1 conl, dry August ,ind .S,-pteml)er in w hich there is nn trnsi. L'ndnubt- 



48 



SEVKXril Ri:i'iilM' ()|- rilK FORKST, I IMI and CWIF, ( I )MMISSli)\. 



ctll_\', ail early fi'ost may prcci[)itate a cliaiitjc by picin.iturcly hastciiiiii^r the decay 
(]|- elcatli of the leaf ; hut tile resultant cnlur will he iuferioi, chaiiL;inL;' sm m t<i the 
(lull hrouii which characterizes sear, dead foliai^'e. Mdreovcr, when the fall ninnths 
are cool and dry the leaves are persistent, and afford a Ioniser display of autumnal 
tints. 

Nor is frost necessary to the falling of the leaves." Tlin:iughout our Nurthern 
.States much nf the lnli.ige of the trees f.dls before ,iny frost occurs, while in the 
South the deciduous tiees denude theii' branches without its aid. I'rost cm kill, 
but it cannot ripen vegetation. It has been noted also b\- close observers that 
while an early frost will check the development of bi'ight leaf colors, a hot, sunnv 
tl.iy, about the first ot ( )ctober, will ha\'e the same result ,ind loosen the le.ues so 
th.it they will fall in showers when stirred by the first gentle breeze. 

In pre[jaring the colored illustr.itions cif .lutumn lea\'es, shown in the accomp, lin- 
ing plates, great care was taken to place the specimens as soon ;is possiljle in the 
hands of the artist on whom devoK'etl the t.isk of reproducing the exact tints. This 
was found to be especi.dly iiecess.iry with the yellow leases, as this class when taken 
from tile tree laded c|uickly to some extent. With the reds there was not so much 
need of haste, these colors being more persistent. In order to avoid ilelay in this 
ix-sjiect as f.ir ,is possible, the specimens were collectetl iiiosti)' in Bronx I'.irk and 
Northern Xew Jersey, .ilthough excursions for the same [)urpose were matle to the 
Berkshires ,ind Catskills. 

No attempt w.is m.ule .it scientific research; it was sought rather to offer in 
connection with the text some illustrations showing the typical cohjr .issumed in 
.lutunin by the leaves of our most common trees, illustrations which might furnish a 
ccmveiiient refei'ence for n.itur.dists if ever needetl. 

The Collection w.is in.iile li_v Mr. Abr.diam Knechtel, F. E., a forester in the 
employ of this Department, whose scientific att.iinment ,iiid love of n.it ure-stmly 
rendered him well (pialitied tor the work. .Ample .icknowledgnieiit is .dso due to 
Air. William ¥.. Hruchhauser, of New York City, the .irtist whose skill .mil enthusi- 
astic co-operaticiii m.ule the accurate reproduction of colors possible. 



*Kerner ami Uliver. Natural History of Plants. Vol. II, p. 355. 



IKl-.K ri.WIIM. ii\ MKi.KIS AMI 1 1 I ( , 1 1 W A ^ S. 



49 



Common and I^oliiniCcil Names o| 

S<:> much coiifusion i_\ists in tlir iisr cf the 
ma\' be well {<> .i|i|]eiul lieie a hst d the specie 
Willi the l)"tanic.il name nl each li>i- the pui'pose 

( iiCLimher I ree. Mi)unt,iin Ma'^nolia. 
iLllip 1 let-, ^'l■il^l\\ I'liplai'. \\ llltew 1 1< m1. 
Hass\\(i(iil. American iamleii, i.ime, 
Ailanlhus, Tiae i )| 1 iea\en, 
I Ii ir^e Chestnut, 
Red i'hiwarm;^ 1 1 oise ( iiest n ut , 
W'iiite, SiKer. Water or Soft Maple, 
Red, .Sc.irlet, .Swamp nr .Suit M.ipic, 
.SycanKue iMajile, 
Il.iiai, R(_ick nr SuL;.ir Maple, 
NdiAwi)' Maple, 

.Schwedler's Maple', l'ui|jle Nmw.iy, 
Asll-leaved M.iple, 15. .x i'.ld. i', 
St.ii;"hiir,i .Sum.ich, \'el\et Sum.ich, 
rciisiiu Sum.ich, l''as(.n I )■ m^w m id. 
\'ellciw, lilack', I'l' ((iiumiin i.ncust, 
Kentucky Cnflee Tlee. 
Iliiney Lncust. Three Thiirned .Vc.icia, 
l-ilack .11- Wild Cheri'w 
Mc.uintain Ash, 

.Sweet Gum, liilsted, I jipiidamh.ir, 
I'lnw erint; 1 )nL;u<i(id, 
l'epperidL;e, Sour (jum, iLipelo, 
White Ash, 
Black or Swamp ,\sh, 
Western or Hardy Catcdpa, 
Sassafras, 
English Elm, 
American or White Elm, 
Hackberr\-, .SuL,Mrbei r\-. Xetlle Ti-ee, 



Trees A\cnliono(l in this 



cummiui n.mu's of our trees th.it it 
> mentioned ill the loiaLjoint;" (laLjes, 
III I uii her ii leiil ific.it ion. 

J/itX'/'i'/iii III II niiiiiild L. 
I .irii>ilriiilri'ii I iili/^i IiTii I.. 
I ilia iiiiiirii mill I .. 
. \ I III lit Ii IIS ^^liiiiiliilosii I )esf. 

. liSi lllllS Ill/'/'i'i i/s/lllllllll L. 

. liM iiliis nil'h'ii iiilii. 

A III' iliisvi ,11- f^iiiii i-dii'h. 

Ai If iiihrii III I ,. 

. liir /\siiiili>f^lii/iiiiii.< \.. 

. /< iV Sill I liiini III M.irsh, 

. \i,r t^liiliiiiiuilis I.. 

. /( (■/■ l^liiliiiiiiiihs si liii'iillrri. 

. liir lli;^ll llilii L. 

Kliiis I vpliiiiii I .. 

KIlllS -iillllX \ .. 

Kohiiiiii f^siiiiliu ill III I., 

( i Vlllllih lilillls illOhllS ('. Koch. 

(iliili/siii I r hii iiiit Ill's ].. 
rniiiiis siro/ iiiii I'.hrh. 
ryriis iiiinriiiiiiii i_le C. 
I.ii/iiiilii iiil'iir si YViiii lliiii L. 
{ oniiis lliTiilii I .. 
A vssii sylviitiiii .M.irsh. 
/■'rii.riiiiis iiiiiiriiiiiiii !,. 
J'rirxiiiiis iiii^'rii .Marsh. 
Cntalpa spaiosa \\ arder. 
Sassii t luis sassii t nis Karst. 
I liiiiis iiiiii/^ist ris E. 
Uliiiiis iiiinriiiiiiii E. 
Cil/is ihiiiiiiitiilis L. 



SKVF.NIH KKI'dk 



IHI, I(iKI,S|-, IISII AMI I, AMI-; COMMISSIDX. 



Sycamore, I'hmc Tree. Butlon\vi:)od, l^uttonball, 

European Sycainnre, ( )riental Plane Free, 

Butternut, White Walnut, 

Black Walnut. 

Shellbark ni- Sh.ii^bark Hickor\-, 

White Birch, 

Canoe or I'aper Birch, 

Black, SwL-et or Cht;ri\- Birch. 

\'elliiu' nr ( ir.iy Biich, 

luiropean Birch, Cut-Iea\'etl Biich, 

1 I "P 1 h >i nhcini, 1 r(in\\'(MRi, Le\eiA\-oii(l, I l.irclh.ick 

Blue iir \\ ,iler Beech. Ironwood, Le\eiAViioi_l, 

White Oak, 

Red ( )ak. 

Scarlet Oak, 

]-!lack or N'ellow-barked Oak, 

Pin ( )ak. Swamp Spanish (^ak, 

Scrub Oak, 

Chestnut. 

Beech. 

Purple (ir Coppci' Heech, 

Bay Wilh.w. 

.Small Aini-ricm A^pen. I'npl.ir. " Piip|ile." 

Large American Aspen, Saw-tooth Pojilar, 

Liimbariiy I'npl.ir, 

Cottonw i)(k1, Circilin.i Poplar, Neckl.ice Pnpj.ir, 

White Pine, 

Tamarack, Hackmatack, American Larch. 

(iinkLTo, 



Platainis occidiiitalii L. 
Plalniiiii oriciitali.'i L. 
Jnglivis liiicrca L. 
Juglaiis nigra L. 
Ilicoria ovata Britt. 
Pet ula f<opnlifolia Marsh. 
Pet II la /•iif'vri frra Marsh. 
Pt'tiila Itiita L. 
Pitiila liitca Michx. f. 
/ntii/ii allui var. laiiiiiata. 
. Ostrya -rirgiiiiaiia K. Kdcli. 
Carpiiiiis lafoliiiiaiia W.ilt. 
Oiuriiis all'a L. 
Oiii'i'i IIS rubra L. 
Oiirri lis coiciiua Wang. 
Oiirriiis vcliitiiia Lam. 
Oiicrt IIS paliistris Muench. 
Qiiiriiis nigra 
Castaiha dciitata Borkh. 
Fagiis aiiiiriiaihi Sweet. 
Fagiis sr/ratiia v:ir. /•iir/'iirra. 
Sa/i.r /'iiitaiii/ra L. 
/]i/>ii/iis tri-wiiti'ii/rs Michx. 
Populiis graiididriitata Michx. 
Popiiliis dilatata 1 ,. 
Piipiiliis ilidtoidrs Marsh. 
Pi II IIS strol'iis L. 
Lari.v aiitcricaiia Michx. 
Salisluiria adiaiitifolia Sm. 



LfF. 



